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. 2021 Oct 13;11:20357. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99749-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Electric field simulation results for transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), targeting the left hippocampus. (a) Electric field distribution on the MNI brain for tTIS and tACS. (b) Electric field distribution for two representative subjects targeting the left hippocampus for tTIS (left). Spatial correlation of the electric fields over the whole brain across all subjects (right). (c) Parameter that characterize the electric field simulations for tTIS and tACS (mean electric field inside the ROIs—bottom left, the maximum of the electric fields inside vs. outside the ROIs—bottom middle, proportion of voxel that exposed to field strength greater than 0.1 V/m inside the ROIs and for the whole gray matter—bottom right). Violin plots indicate the distribution of the underlying data. Note that the violin plots include a boxplot (in the center of the violin with the median (white dots), 25% quartile and 75% quartile, upper- and lower adjacent value. Additionally, individual data points are overlayed (black dots).