Figure 1.

Lipid peroxidation and signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis. 4-HNE, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; Ang, angiotensin; ATF4, activating transcription factor 4; CHOP, CEBP homologous protein; eIF2α, eukaryotic translation initiation factor α; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; HO-1, heme oxygenase- 1; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase; LOX-1, lectin-type oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1; MDA, malondialdehyde; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor protein 3; Nrf2, nuclear transcription factor-E2-related factor 2; ox-LDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; PERK, protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TRL4, Toll-like receptor 4.