Table 2.

Clinical and cognitive features of DS, NDS, and HC.

Variable	DS	NDS	HCs	χ2/t/F
	(n = 58)	(n = 93)	(n = 113)	(p-value)
BPRS
Positive syndrome	6.07 ± 1.13	6.30 ± 1.28		0.40 (0.531)
Negative syndrome	12.21 ± 2.16	7.40 ± 1.05		299.79 (<0.001)
Disorganization syndrome	6.48 ± 1.38	6.29 ± 0.93		0.27 (0.606)
affect	6.84 ± 1.17	6.91 ± 1.29		0.10 (0.757)
Total Scores	31.61 ± 3.31	26.91 ± 2.80		75.39 (<0.001)
SANS
Total Scores	47.59 ± 12.08	28.89 ± 9.27		121.00 (<0.001)
SAPS
Total scores	8.59 ± 3.48	9.73 ± 4.66		1.73 (0.190)
Z -scores of cognitive scales
Digit vigilance test	−0.69 ± 0.65***/###	0.14 ± 0.81*	0.80 ± 0.91	22.511 (<0.001)
TMT-A	−0.72 ± 0.62***	−0.21 ± 0.58***	0.94 ± 1.07	37.459 (<0.001)
TMT-B	−0.51 ± 0.27***	−0.23 ± 0.27***	0.75 ± 1.49	36.843 (<0.001)
Stroop words only	−0.72 ± 0.87***/#	−0.04 ± 0.69***	0.89 ± 0.75	32.855 (<0.001)
Stroop colors only	−0.63 ± 0.82***/#	−0.05 ± 0.72***	0.81 ± 0.83	22.399 (<0.001)
Animal naming test	−0.68 ± 0.60***/#	−0.14 ± 0.83***	0.96 ± 0.86	35.387 (<0.001)
COWAT	−0.64 ± 0.93***	−0.10 ± 1.02*	0.58 ± 0.67	12.535 (<0.001)
Stroop interference	−0.52 ± 0.93***	−0.13 ± 0.74***	0.81 ± 0.88	18.396 (<0.001)
Spatial processing	−0.41 ± 0.63***	−0.14 ± 0.46***	0.51 ± 0.48	22.713 (<0.001)
WAIS-RC	−0.81 ± 0.93***/###	0.03 ± 0.68*	0.70 ± 0.85	23.463 (<0.001)

Data is presented as mean ± standard deviation. Adjusted age and education were employed as covariates. Bonferroni correction was used for post-hoc comparisons. Raw scores were converted to normalized Z-scores. BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SAPS, Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms. TMT-A/B, Trail Making Test-A/B; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; WAIS-RC, Wechsler adult intelligence scale-Chinese Revision.^#indicates the comparison between DS patients and NDS patients.

^#p < 0.05,

^###p < 0.001.

^*indicates the comparison between patients and HC. ^*p < 0.05,

^***p < 0.001.