TABLE 1.
Overview of studies investigating DNA repair after particle irradiation.
| Process | Study model | Radiaton type | LET (keV/μm) | Energy | Read out | References |
| End resection | U2OS (siRNA Ctip, Mre11, and Exo1) | X-ray | 2 | 250 keV | Clonogenic survival | Averbeck et al., 2014 |
| AG1522D | 12C ions | 90 | 100 MeV/nucleon | RPA foci | ||
| MEFs (H2AX−/−, Ku80−/−) | 170 | 11.4 MeV/nucleon | γH2A.X foci | |||
| NFFhTERT (siRNA Ctip) | 40Ca ions | 200 | 186 MeV/nucleon | |||
| 59Ni ions | 350 | 265 MeV/nucleon | ||||
| 14N ions | 400 | 11.4 MeV/nucleon | ||||
| 48Ti ions | 2180 | 11.4 MeV/nucleon | ||||
| 59Ni ions | 3430 | 11.4 MeV/nucleon | ||||
| 119Sn ions | 7880 | 11.4 MeV/nucleon | ||||
| 197Au ions | 13000 | 11.4 MeV/nucleon | ||||
| 207Pb ions | 13500 | 11.4 MeV/nucleon | ||||
| 238U ions | 15000 | 11.4 MeV/nucleon | ||||
| End resection | U2OS | X-rays | RPA tracks/foci | Yajima et al., 2013 | ||
| HeLa | γ-rays | γH2A.X tracks/foci | ||||
| U251 | 12C ions | 70 | 290 MeV/nucleon | Western blot (p-RPA, p-ATM, | ||
| MEFs | Fe ions | 200 | 500 MeV/nucleon | p-Chk1, γH2A.X) | ||
| 1BR-hTERT | ||||||
| 48BR | ||||||
| End resection | U2OS | X-ray | 195 kV | 53BP1 foci | Roobol et al., 2020 | |
| Alpha particles | 115 ± 10 | 5.486 MeV | RPA foci | |||
| MEF LIG4−/− | X-ray | Clonogenic survival | ||||
| MEF RAD54−/− | Proton | Entrance plateau | γH2A.X foci | |||
| MEF LIG4−/− RAD54−/− | protons | |||||
| NHEJ and HR | BxPC3 (BRCA2-proficient) | Center SOBP | 100-109.9 MeV | Szymonowicz et al., 2020 | ||
| Capan-1 (BRCA2-deficient) | ||||||
| M059J (DNA-PKcs −/−) | ||||||
| M059K (DNA-PKcs+/+) | ||||||
| NHEJ and HR | M059J (DNA-PKcs −/−) | X-ray | 6 MeV | Clonogenic survival | Bright et al., 2019 | |
| M059K (DNA-PKcs+/+) | Proton | 1.1, 2.5, and 7.3 | 100 MeV | γH2A.X foci | ||
| HCC1937 (BRCA1 −/−) | ||||||
| HCC1937-BRCA1 (BRCA1 complemented) | ||||||
| HT1080 (wt, shRad51, shDNA-PKcs) | ||||||
| NHEJ and HR | A549 | X-ray | 200 keV | Clonogenic survival | Fontana et al., 2015 | |
| A549-DNA-Pkcs inhibitor NU7026 | Proton | Center SOBP | 138 MeV | γH2A.X foci | ||
| A549-siRNA DNA-PKcs | ||||||
| A549-siRNA Rad51 | ||||||
| M059J (DNA-PKcs −/−) | ||||||
| M059K (DNA-PKcs+/+) | ||||||
| NHEJ and HR | AA8 (WT and siRad51) | X-ray | 200 keV | Clonogenic survival | Grosse et al., 2014 | |
| Irs1sf (HR deficient XRCC3 −/−) | Proton | Center SOBP | 138 MeV | γH2A.X foci | ||
| CH09 (WT) | Chromosomal abberations | |||||
| UV5 (ERCC5 −/−) | ||||||
| XR-C1 (DNA-PKcs−/−) | ||||||
| NHEJ and HR | H1299 | X-ray | 150/200 keV | Clonogenic survival | Ma et al., 2015 | |
| H1299 + DNA PK inhibitor NU7026 | 12C ions | 50, Center SOBP | 290 MeV/nucleon | γH2A.X flow cytometry | ||
| H1299 + Rad51 inhibitor B02 | ||||||
| NHEJ and HR | 3D PDAC tumors + inhibitors (B02, NU7026) | X-ray | 200 keV | 3D tumoroid formation | Görte et al., 2020 | |
| BxPC3 | Proton | 3.7, Center SOBP | 150 MeV | |||
| MiaPaCa2 | ||||||
| Panc-1 | ||||||
| Patu8902 | ||||||
| Capan-1 | ||||||
| COLO357 | ||||||
| NHEJ and HR | AA8 (WT) | γ-rays (137 Cs) | 662 keV | Clonogenic survival | Carter et al., 2018 | |
| V79 (WT) | Proton | 2.2, Center SOBP | 200 MeV | γH2A.X foci | ||
| Irs1sf (HR deficient XRCC3 −/−) | 12C ions | 50, Center SOBP | 290 MeV/nucleon | Chromosomal abberations | ||
| Irs1 (HR deficient XRCC2 −/−) | ||||||
| XR1 (XRCC4 −/−) | ||||||
| V3 (DNA-PKcs −/−) | ||||||
This table provides an overview of the radiation parameters and biological models used in the cited studies: the specific DNA repair process studied, cell model used (including information about protein knock-out or knockdown), radiation type, LET, energy of the particles, and the read-out that was used to study the indicated process.