. 2021 Oct 14;29(11):16484–16502. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-16821-y

Table 6.

Slope homogeneity and cointegration test results

Slope homogeneity test
Statistic	EFP model	EOS model
Coefficient	P-values	Coefficient	P-values
Δ	5.009***	0.000	3.592***	0.000
Δadj	6.627***	0.000	4.752***	0.000
Cointegration test
	GDP	GDP2	GDP3	DINV	FDI	POP
EFP as dependent variable
G_t	− 5.855*** [0.000]	− 8.572*** [0.000]	− 5.065*** [0.000]	− 11.564*** [0.000]	− 9.119*** [0.000]	− 19.057*** [0.000]
G_a	− 5.778*** [0.000]	− 6.413*** [0.000]	− 4.887*** [0.000]	− 8.639*** [0.000]	− 8.487*** [0.000]	-2.075*** [0.019]
P_t	0.786 [0.784]	− 3.658*** [0.000]	0.754 [0.775]	− 10.923*** [0.000]	− 8.143*** [0.000]	− 14.373** [0.000]
P_a	− 2.299** [0.011]	− 5.347*** [0.000]	− 3.360*** [0.000)	− 13.226*** [0.000]	− 8.129*** [0.000]	− 9.040*** [0.000]
EOS as dependent variable
G_t	− 1.843** [0.033]	− 5.373*** [0.000]	− 2.038** [0.021]	− 9.525*** [0.000]	− 5.525*** [0.000]	-15.516*** [0.000]
G_a	− 6.566*** [0.000]	− 7.145*** [0.000]	− 5.948*** [0.000]	− 13.840*** [0.000]	− 11.451*** [0.000]	− 8.125*** [0.000]
P_t	8.971 [1.000]	4.764 [1.000]	8.045 [1.000]	− 0.278 [0.391]	− 0.134 [0.447]	− 8.248*** [0.000]
P_a	− 0.7770 [0.221]	− 5.292*** [0.000]	− 3.191*** [0.001]	− 14.584*** [0.000]	− 9.260*** [0.000]	− 10.447*** [0.000]

Slope homogeneity test

Statistic

EFP model

EOS model

Coefficient

P-values

Coefficient

P-values

5.009***

0.000

3.592***

0.000

Δadj

6.627***

0.000

4.752***

0.000

Cointegration test

GDP

GDP2

GDP3

DINV

FDI

POP

EFP as dependent variable

G_t

− 5.855***

[0.000]

− 8.572***

[0.000]

− 5.065***

[0.000]

− 11.564***

[0.000]

− 9.119***

[0.000]

− 19.057***

[0.000]

G_a

− 5.778***

[0.000]

− 6.413***

[0.000]

− 4.887***

[0.000]

− 8.639***

[0.000]

− 8.487***

[0.000]

-2.075***

[0.019]

P_t

0.786

[0.784]

− 3.658***

[0.000]

0.754

[0.775]

− 10.923***

[0.000]

− 8.143***

[0.000]

− 14.373**

[0.000]

P_a

− 2.299**

[0.011]

− 5.347***

[0.000]

− 3.360***

[0.000)

− 13.226***

[0.000]

− 8.129***

[0.000]

− 9.040***

[0.000]

EOS as dependent variable

G_t

− 1.843**

[0.033]

− 5.373***

[0.000]

− 2.038**

[0.021]

− 9.525***

[0.000]

− 5.525***

[0.000]

-15.516***

[0.000]

G_a

− 6.566***

[0.000]

− 7.145***

[0.000]

− 5.948***

[0.000]

− 13.840***

[0.000]

− 11.451***

[0.000]

− 8.125***

[0.000]

P_t

8.971

[1.000]

4.764

[1.000]

8.045

[1.000]

− 0.278

[0.391]

− 0.134

[0.447]

− 8.248***

[0.000]

P_a

− 0.7770

[0.221]

− 5.292***

[0.000]

− 3.191***

[0.001]

− 14.584***

[0.000]

− 9.260***

[0.000]

− 10.447***

[0.000]

^***1%, **5%, and *10%—significant levels. P-values are enclosed in square brackets