Table 9.
Income-level estimations for the demand side
| Models | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LIC | LMIC | UMIC | HIC | LIC | LMIC | UMIC | HIC | |
| l. EFP |
− 0.2003*** [ 0.054] |
− 0.1701*** [ 0.042] |
− 0.2540*** [ 0.035] |
− 0.1989*** [ 0.042] |
− 0.2209*** [ 0.060] |
− 0.1790*** [ 0.048] |
− 0.2651*** [ 0.037] |
− 0.1950*** [ 0.043] |
| GDP |
0.0077 [ 0.006] |
0.0252** [ 0.009] |
0.0202** [ 0.008] |
0.0589*** [ 0.015] |
0.0182y [ 0.007] |
0.0026 [ 0.014] |
0.0300 [ 0.023] |
0.0907*** [ 0.025] |
| GDP2 |
− 0.0004 [ 0.001] |
− 0.0030** [ 0.001] |
− 0.0004 [ 0.001] |
− 0.0025 [ 0.004] |
− 0.0042 [ 0.004] |
0.0060 [ 0.005] |
− 0.0018 [ 0.005] |
− 0.0202** [ 0.010] |
| GDP3 |
0.0006 [ 0.001] |
− 0.0009 [ 0.001] |
− 0.0001 [ 0.001] |
0.0021 [ 0.002] |
||||
| cons |
0.0247*** [ 0.009] |
0.0464*** [ 0.015] |
0.1125*** [ 0.019] |
0.2296*** [ 0.004] |
0.0214** [ 0.009] |
0.0362* [ 0.0187] |
0.1153*** [ 0.018] |
0.2287*** [ 0.067] |
| obs | 420 | 620 | 660 | 480 | 420 | 620 | 660 | 480 |
| F-statistics |
3.62 (0.00) |
2.46 (0.00) |
2.49 (0.00) |
1.62 (0.00) |
3.30 (0.00) |
2.40 (0.00) |
2.18 (0.00) |
1.36 (0.02) |
| Rsqur | 0.52 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.71 | 0.48 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.69 |
| CD-stats |
1.90 (0.057) |
3.47 (0.001) |
5.48 (0.000) |
3.75 (0.000) |
1.32 (0.187) |
4.08 (0.00) |
4.44 (0.000) |
4.51 (0.000) |
***1%, **5%, and *10%—significant levels. P-values are enclosed in parentheses. Standard errors are enclosed in square brackets