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. 2021 Sep 30;12:749468. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749468

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Copyright © 2021 Antequera, Moneo, Carrero, Bartolome, Ferrer, Proctor and Carro

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ach levels in submandibular glands from APP/PS1 mice and AD patients. (A) Salivary gland ACh levels increased with ageing in both, APP/PS1 and WT mice. However, APP/PS1 mice showed lower ACh levels in their submandibular glands compared to WT mice, significantly at 12-month-old (n = 9-10, per group). (B) There were higher levels of ACh in submandibular glands from AD patients compared with control subjects (n = 8-9, per group). Data are represented as mean ± SEM. Differences between groups were assessed using the ANOVA and Tukey’s test for mice samples, and the Mann-Whitney test for human samples. *p < 0.05; ****p < 0.0001.