Table 4.
Risk of organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases between PPI and non-PPI users.
| Event | Incidence Rate | IRR | ADJ. HR | 95% CI. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systemic autoimmune disease | |||||
| Ankylosing spondylitis | |||||
| non-PPI | 3211 | 116.13 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| PPI | 1051 | 435.87 | 3.753 | 3.670*** | 3.418–3.941 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | |||||
| non-PPI | 809 | 29.25 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| PPI | 324 | 134.16 | 4.587 | 3.968*** | 3.482–4.523 |
| Sjögren syndrome | |||||
| non-PPI | 307 | 11.09 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| PPI | 236 | 97.68 | 8.804 | 7.810*** | 6.569–9.285 |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | |||||
| non-PPI | 182 | 6.58 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| PPI | 116 | 47.98 | 7.296 | 7.029*** | 5.520–8.952 |
| Systemic vasculitis | |||||
| non-PPI | 49 | 1.77 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| PPI | 27 | 11.16 | 6.305 | 5.099*** | 3.162–8.225 |
| Psoriasis | |||||
| non-PPI | 47 | 1.70 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| PPI | 12 | 4.96 | 2.922 | 2.568** | 1.348–4.891 |
| Systemic Sclerosis | |||||
| non-PPI | 33 | 1.19 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| PPI | 53 | 21.92 | 18.380 | 15.851*** | 10.190–24.660 |
| Inflammatory myopathy | |||||
| non-PPI | 15 | 0.54 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| PPI | 52 | 21.50 | 39.674 | 37.397*** | 20.920–66.870 |
| Organ-specific autoimmune disease | |||||
| Graves’ disease | |||||
| non-PPI | 152 | 5.49 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| PPI | 44 | 18.19 | 3.313 | 3.280*** | 2.335–4.608 |
| Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | |||||
| non-PPI | 1160 | 41.95 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| PPI | 382 | 158.25 | 3.773 | 3.606*** | 3.206–4.057 |
| Autoimmune hemolytic anemia | |||||
| non-PPI | 67 | 2.42 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| PPI | 82 | 33.91 | 14.008 | 8.877*** | 6.293–12.520 |
| Immune thrombocytopenic purpura | |||||
| non-PPI | 137 | 4.95 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| PPI | 71 | 29.36 | 5.932 | 5.048*** | 3.745–6.803 |
| Henoch-Schonlein purpura | |||||
| non-PPI | 98 | 3.54 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| PPI | 47 | 19.44 | 5.489 | 4.829*** | 3.383–6.886 |
| Myasthenia gravis | |||||
| non-PPI | 56 | 2.02 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| PPI | 43 | 17.78 | 8.788 | 8.733*** | 5.836–13.070 |
PPI, proton pump inhibitors. Adj. HR, adjusted hazard ratio was adjusted by gender, age, comorbidities. IR, incidence rate was incidences of per 100,000 person-year. CI, confidence intervals. **0.001 ≤ P-Value < 0.01, ***P-Value < 0.001.