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. 2021 Sep 30;12:757925. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.757925

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Copyright © 2021 Liu, Kang, Wang, Huang and Cai.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Roles of EV-mediated RNAi in plant–microbial interactions and plant protection. The conventional secretion pathway delivers PAMPs to the extracellular space or transport surface PRRs to PM. In unconventional secretion pathway, MVBs release TET8/9-positive EVs, which contain defense proteins and host-derived sRNAs, into the extracellular space. TET8/9-positive EVs contain a variety of RBPs, including AGO1, RHs, and ANNs, which load sRNAs into EVs. PEN1-positive EVs are secreted into the extracellular space with an unknown mechanism (marked with? in the Figure). EXPO is a novel bilayer membrane organelle that fuses with PM to produce another subtype of EVs. Whether PEN1-positive and EXPO-positive EVs contribute to cross-kingdom RNAi between plant and pathogens (marked with? in the figure) is unknown. On the basis of the knowledge on cross-kingdom RNAi, the spray application of dsRNAs and sRNAs that target pathogen genes can potentially control plant diseases. In SIGS approaches, dsRNAs are applied exogenously or carried by nanocarriers, such as BioClay and artificial vesicles. Exogenous RNAs can either be directly internalized into fungal cells or indirectly via passage through plant cells before transport into fungal cells. dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; EE, early endosome; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; EVs, extracellular vesicles; EXPO, exocyst-positive organelle; MVB/LE, multivesicular body/late endosome; ILV, intraluminal vesicle; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern; PEN1, Penetration 1; PM, plasma membrane; PRR, pattern recognition receptor; RBPs, RNA binding protein; SIGS, spray-induced gene silencing; siRNA, small interfering RNA; sRNA, small RNA; TGN, trans-Golgi network.