Table 1.

Literature Review of ABBA Cases

Case	Reference	Age, Sex	Comorbidities	Kidney Impairment	Autoimmunity	Kidney Biopsy	Treatment and Outcome
1	Morrison et al2 (1981)	59, Male	Thymoma, myasthenia gravis	•Scr not informed (described as in AKI) •Urine sediment with proteinuria 3+ •6-8 RBCs/field	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA (−)	•OM: marked TIN, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, AKI, slight expansion of mesangial matrix •IF: IgG (+) in BC; C3 (+) in BC and TBM •EM: focal fusion of podocitary process, intramembranous subepithelial deposits in GBM, TBM disrupted	•Hemodialysis •Death
2	Douglas et al3 (1981)	31, Male	None	•Scr 1.5 mg/dL •Proteinuria/24 h 1.1 g •No description of hematuria	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA (−)	•OM: not described •IF: IgG and C3 (+) in glomerular capillaries and more intensely in BC and TBM •EM: electro-dense subepithelial and intramembranous glomerular deposits in BC and proximal TBM	Not described
3	Rosales et al5 (2016)	73, Male	DM, HTN, CAD	•Scr 15.2 mg/dL •Proteinuria/24 h 1.3 g •Hematuria 1+	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA (−) •Anti-DNA (−) •ANCA (−) •Anti-GBM (−)	•OM: marked interstitial inflammation and fibrosis; slight tubulitis with accentuated tubular atrophy; acute tubular injury. •IF: IgG (IgG1, IgG2, IgG4), C3, κ and λ (+) in TBM, IgG (+) focal and segmental glomerular impairment •EM: electro-dense deposits in TBM, sparse and focal subepithelial deposits with no spicules	•Corticotherapy without success •Kidney transplantation with posttransplant recurrence of primary disease
4	Larsen et al6 (2018)	68, Male	Recent infection by bacillus cereus	•Scr 8.8 mg/dL •Proteinuria/hematuria not evaluated	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA (−) •Anti-DNA (−) •ANCA (−)	•OM: slight tubulitis and interstitial inflammation; slight fibrosis and tubular atrophy; acute tubular injury •IF: IgG (+) in GBM and BC, IgG and C3 (+) in TBM, IgG (−) in proximal tubular brush border •EM: electro-dense deposits in TBM	•Corticotherapy •Hemodialysis
5	Larsen et al6 (2018)	78, Male	DM, HTN	•Scr 3.0 mg/dL •Proteinuria/24 h 3.3 g •Hematuria 1+	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA (−) •Anti-DNA (unperformed) •ANCA (+) borderline	•OM: moderate interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy; acute tubular injury •IF: IgG (+) in GBM and BC, IgG and C3 (+) in TBM, IgG (+) in proximal tubular brush border •EM: electro-dense deposits in TBM	•Corticotherapy and cyclophosphamide; •Scr 2.0 mg/dL and ABBAs negated at indirect IF (disease remission) after 12 months of treatment and FU
6	Larsen et al6 (2018)	76, Male	COPD	•Scr 1.7 mg/dL •Proteinuria/24 h 0.5 g •Hematuria 1+	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA 1:320 •Anti-DNA (−) •ANCA (unperformed)	•OM: mild interstitial fibrosis and moderate tubular atrophy; acute tubular injury •IF: IgG (+) in GBM and BC; IgG and C3 (+) in TBM; IgG (−) in proximal tubular brush border •EM: electro-dense deposits in TBM	•Rituximab •Hemodialysis •Death
7	Larsen et al6 (2018)	69, Female	DM	•Scr 2.7 mg/dL •Proteinuria/24 h 1.5 g •Hematuria 1+	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA (−) •Anti-DNA (−) •ANCA (−)	•OM: slight tubulitis and moderate interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, with tubular atrophy; acute tubular injury •IF: IgG (+) in GBM and BC, IgG and C3 (+) in TBM, IgG (+) in proximal tubular brush border •EM: electro-dense deposits in TBM	•Corticotherapy •Scr 4.2 mg/dL at 15-month FU
8	Larsen et al6 (2018)	72, Male	DM	•Scr 5.0 mg/dL •Proteinuria/24 h 0.8 g •Hematuria 1+	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA 1:40 •Anti-DNA (−) •ANCA (−)	•OM: interstitial inflammation with marked fibrosis and tubular atrophy, acute tubular injury •IF: IgG (+) in GBM and BC, IgG and C3 (+) in TBM; IgG (+) in proximal tubular brush border •EM: electro-dense deposits in TBM	•Corticotherapy •Hemodialysis •Death
9	Larsen et al6 (2018)	70, Male	HTN, gout, nephrolithiasis	•Scr 2.2 mg/dL •Proteinuria/24 h 1.1 g •Hematuria 1+	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA 1:640 •Anti-DNA (weak +) •ANCA (−)	•OM: high interstitial inflammation, fibrosis and tubular atrophy, acute tubular necrosis •IF: IgG (+) in GBM and BC, IgG and C3 (+) in TBM; IgG (−) in proximal tubular brush border •EM: electro-dense deposits in TBM	•No specific treatment •Scr 2.3 mg/dL at 10-month FU
10	Larsen et al6 (2018)	66, Female	DM, HTN	•Scr 6.7 md/dL •Proteinuria/24 h 0.9 g •Hematuria 1+	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA (−) •Anti-DNA (−) •ANCA (−)	•OM: mild interstitial inflammation, marked interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, acute tubular injury •IF: IgG (+) in GBM and BC, IgG and C3 (+) in TBM, IgG (+) in proximal tubular brush border •EM: electro-dense deposits in TBM	•No specific treatment •Scr 2.5 mg/dL at 3-month FU
11	Larsen et al6 (2018)	77, Female	Sarcoidosis	•Scr 2.3 mg/dL •Proteinuria/24 h 0.6 g •Hematuria 1+	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA (−) •Anti-DNA (−) •ANCA (−)	•OM: moderate interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy; acute tubular injury •IF: IgG (−) in GBM and (+) in BC, IgG and C3 (+) in TBM, IgG (−) in proximal tubular brush border •EM: electro-dense deposits in TBM	•No specific treatment •Scr 2.1 mg/dL at 6-month FU
12	Larsen et al6 (2018)	80, Male	HTN	•Scr 14.7 mg/dL •Proteinuria/hematuria not evaluated	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA (−) •Anti-DNA (−) •ANCA (−)	•OM: medium interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, slight tubulitis and tubular atrophy, acute tubular injury •IF: IgG (+) in GBM and BC, IgG and C3 (+) in TBM, IgG (+) in proximal tubular brush border •EM: electro-dense deposits in TBM	•Corticotherapy •Hemodialysis
13	Dinesh et al7 (2019)	90, Female	HTN, HLD, AV block, OP, PMR	•Scr 4.4 mg/dL •PTN/Scr ratio 2.4 g/g •5 RBCs/field	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA (−) •Anti-GBM •Anti-DNA (weak +) •ANCA (−)	•OM: mild tubulitis and mild to moderate interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy; acute tubular injury •IF: IgG (+) (mainly IgG4), κ and λ light chains, and C3 (+) in TBM, IgG (+) also in GBM •EM: immune deposits in TBM, subepithelial immune deposits within glomeruli and BC	•Corticotherapy •Rituximab •Hemodialysis
14	Dvanajscak et al8 (2020)	55, Male	DM, HTN, HLD	•Scr 1.2 mg/dL •Proteinuria/24 h 5.7 g •Hematuria 2+	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA (+) •Anti-dsDNA (+) •Anti-Smith (+) •Anti-histone (+) •Anti-SSA/Ro (−) •Anti-SSB/La (−) •Anti-cardiolipin (−) •ANCA (−)	•OM: glomeruli with diffuse mesangial hypercellularity and mesangial matrix expansion; fibrinoid necrosis with a cellular crescent in a glomerulus; interstitium devoid of a significant inflammatory infiltrate •IF: diffuse, granular, predominantly mesangial and lesser capillary loop “full-house” staining; extraglomerular granular IgG deposits focally present along the TBMs and BCs and the apical brush border of numerous proximal tubules; anti-LRP2 antibody (+) along the apical brush border of the proximal tubules and focal granular positivity along the TBMs •EM: numerous mesangial electro-dense deposits but no discrete electro-dense deposits seen along peripheral GBMs	•Corticotherapy •Mycophenolate mofetil •Cyclophosphamide •Scr decreased to within normal limits (1.0-1.1 mg/dL), marked reduction in proteinuria (UPCR 0.8 g/g)
15	Caliskan et al9 (2020)	79, Male	HTN, hemochromatosis, PMR, BPH	•Scr 3.2 mg/dL •Protein/Scr ratio 9.0 g/g •3-5 RBCs/field	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA (−) •Anti-PLA2R (−) •Anti-GBM, proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase •antibodies (−) •Serum cryoglobulin (−)	•OM: glomeruli with largely unremarkable appearance; mild interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy involving 20 % of cortex; moderate interstitial edema without significant interstitial inflammation; Congo red stain (−) •IF: staining along proximal tubular brush borders seen for IgG, κ and λ light chains, equal throughout the tubulointerstitium; staining for LRP2 showed similar granular TBM deposits along the proximal tubules and brush borders •EM: global podocyte foot process effacement	•Corticotherapy •Rituximab •Hemodialysis
16	Gamayo et al10 (2019)	74, Male	WM, LPL	•Scr 3.8 mg/dL •Protein/Scr ratio 2.0 g/g •No description of hematuria	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •SPEP demonstrated IgM monoclonal protein and elevated κ free light chain; •C3 levels low	•OM: glomeruli with segmental membranous features; tubulointerstitium with diffuse inflammatory infiltrate; acute tubular injury; foci of mild tubulitis and occasional large TBM deposits; moderate tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis •IF: segmental granular peripheral capillary wall and BC staining for polytypic IgG and C3; widespread granular to chunky, near-circumferential staining of TBMs for polytypic IgG and C3; tubular brush borders with focal reactivity with polytypic IgG •EM: TBM and subepithelial immune deposits, with associated podocyte foot process effacement	•Bortezomib •Dexamethasone •Rituximab •Hemodialysis
17	Gamayo et al10 (2019)	70, Male	HTN, DM, hypothyroidism, CLL	•Scr 2.1 mg/dL •Protein/Scr ratio 0.47 g/g •Hematuria +	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •Elevated κ free light chain and an elevated κ:λ ratio •SPEP negative •Urine protein electrophoresis demonstrated monoclonal κ light chain	•OM: segmental membranous features; acute tubular injury; mild tubulointerstitial inflammation; large, wedge-shaped TBM immune deposits and a background of moderate tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis •IF: corticomedullary junction without glomeruli; bright, granular to chunky TBM staining for polytypic IgG and C3, with tubular brush border staining for IgG; IgG subclasses with IgG1 dominance and lesser staining for IgG2 and IgG4; IgG3 (−) •EM: TBMs and segmental subepithelial deposits without mesangial or subendothelial deposits	•Rituximab
18	Gallan et al11 (2020)	76, Male	HTN, DM, CKD	•Scr 8.0 mg/dL •Proteinuria/24 h 1.1 g •No description of hematuria	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANCA (−) •Normal complement levels	•OM: glomeruli showing only ischemic changes; proximal tubules with extensive attenuation with loss of the brush borders; patchy mild interstitial inflammation; diffuse and frequently marked interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy •IF: diffuse granular to confluent TBM deposits staining for IgG, C3, and κ and λ light chains •EM: numerous large collections of electron-dense deposits in proximal TBMs without an identifiable substructure	•Hemodialysis
19	Zhu et al12 (2020)	29, Female	None	•Scr 0.5 mg/dL •Proteinuria/24 h 3.8 g •Hematuria 14.4/HPF	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA (−) •Anti-dsDNA (−) •Anti-GBM (−)	•OM: glomeruli without morphologic abnormalities; no tubular injury; no tubulitis, interstitial inflammatory infiltration, or fibrosis •IF: deposits of IgG along the brush border of proximal tubular cells and some segments of TBM and BC, with equal staining of κ and λ chains; a few segmental granular deposits of IgG also observed along the GBM •EM: small granular electron-dense deposits within the proximal tubule TBMs, and podocyte foot process effacement	•Corticotherapy •Cyclophosphamide
20	Arcoverde Fechine Brito et al (2021)	35, Male	Silicosis, pulmonary TB, exposure to pesticides	•Scr 3.6 mg/dL •Proteinuria/24 h 2.2 g •No hematuria	•Indirect IF (+) on TBM brush border •ANA (−) •Anti-DNA (−) •ANCA (−)	•OM: mild TIN, slight interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy; one-third of glomeruli globally sclerotic, some with segmental sclerosis •IF: IgG, C3, κ and λ (+) in TBM and BC •EM: amorphous immune-deposits in TBM	•No specific treatment •Death

Abbreviations: ABBA, anti-brush border antibody; AKI, acute kidney injury; ANA, antinuclear antibody; ANCA, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; anti-GBM, antiglomerular basement membrane; AV block, atrioventricular block; BC, Bowman’s capsule; BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; CAD, coronary arterial disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; dsDNA, double-stranded DNA; EM, electron microscopy; FU, follow-up; GBM, glomerular basement membrane; HLD, hyperlipidemia; HPF, high-power field; HTN, hypertension; IF, immunofluorescence; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; LPL, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma; LRP2, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (megalin); OM, optical microscopy; OP, osteoporosis; PLA₂R, M-type phospholipase A₂ receptor; PMR, polymyalgia rheumatic; RBC, red blood cell; Scr, serum creatinine; SPEP, serum protein electrophoresis; TB, tuberculosis; TBM, tubular basement membrane; TIN, tubulointerstitial nephritis; UPCR, urinary protein-creatinine ratio; WM, Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia.