Table 2.

List of metabolites selected for the biomarker signature

Metabolite name	Ontology class	Biological background
Beta-carotene	Vitamins, cofactors and related	Exogenous compound, lipid malabsorption
Cryptoxanthin	Miscellaneous (Subclass: diet related)	Exogenous compound, lipid malabsorption
Behenic acid (C22:0)	Complex lipids, fatty acids and related (Subclass: fatty acids)	Poorly absorbable, de novo synthesis, ceramide related
Indole-3-acetic acid	Amino acids and related	Altered bioavailability due to microbiome changes
Hippuric acid	Miscellaneous (Subclass: microbiome related)
Mannose	Carbohydrates and related	Altered blood glucose levels due to impaired endocrine function inhibits mannose conversion to glucose.
Ceramide (d18:1, C24:1)	Complex lipids, fatty acids and related (Subclass: Sphingolipids)	Increased in response to cellular stress (ie, fibrosis and calcifications)
N-acetylcytidine	Nucleobases and related	Increased in chronic inflammation