Table. Study Specific Details.
| Source | Country | Study type | Baseline | Timeframe, mo | Quality score | Outcome measurements | Male, % | Age, mean (SD), y | Hospitalized, % | PASC, No. | Sample size, No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carvalho-Schneider et al,14 2021 | France | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis with confirmed laboratory result | 1 | 5 | mMRC dyspnea scale (dyspnea), self-reported symptoms scaled on 10-point analog scale (chest pain, anosmia, and ageusia) | 43 | 49 (15) | 29 | 103 | 150 |
| Glück et al,15 2021 | Germany | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis, with confirmed laboratory result | 1 | 7 | Serum laboratory tests, self-reported symptoms (fever, nausea, diarrhea, loss of smell or taste, fatigue, dyspnea, headache, cough, runny nose, sore throat, myalgia), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | 38 | Median, 40 | NA | 67 | 119 |
| Pellaud et al,16 2020 | Switzerland | Retrospective cohort | Diagnosis with confirmed laboratory result and hospital admission | 1 | 5 | Self-reported over telephone interview | 61 | Median (IQR), 70 (60-80) | 100 | 73 | 196 |
| Akter et al,17 2020 | Bangladesh | Cross-sectional | Diagnosis with confirmed laboratory result | 1 | 5 | Medical records; self-report over telephone interview | 76 | NA | 100 | 675 | 734 |
| Panda et al,18 2020 | India | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis with confirmed laboratory result and hospital admission | 1 | 6 | Self-reported over telephone interview | 71 | 35 (13) | 100 | 210 | 225 |
| Huang et al,19 2020 | China | Retrospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 1 | 8 | Medical records, lung radiography (chest abnormalities), 6MWT (functional status), spirometry (lung function) | 46 | 46 (14) | 100 | 31 | 57 |
| Jacobs et al,20 2020 | US | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 1 | 5 | Self-reported symptoms, PROMIS Scale version1.2; Global Health and Item Bank version 1.0; Dyspnea Functional Limitations Short Form 10a | 61.5 | Median (IQR), 57 (48-68) | 100 | 82 | 183 |
| Poncet-Megemont et al,21 2020 | France | Retrospective cohort | Diagnosis (laboratory result or positive CT) | 1 | 5 | Self-reported symptoms from telephone interview | 13 | 49 (15) | 45 | 20 | 139 |
| Weerahandi et al,22 2021 | United States | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 1 | 5 | Self-report | 57 | 57 | 100 | 113 | 152 |
| Daher et al,23 2020 | Germany | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 1.5 | 6 | Body plethysmography, serum laboratory tests, lung diffusion capacity, ABG, 6MWT, echocardiography, laboratory tests, quality of life (PHQ-9, GAD-7, SGRQ, and EQ-5D-5L) | 67 | 64 (3) | 100 | 15 | 33 |
| de Graaf et al,24 2021 | Netherlands | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 1.5 | 7 | Echocardiography, ECG monitoring, pulmonary function testing, GAD-7, PHQ-9, PCL-5, CFQ-25, IQ-CODE-N, PCFS | 63 | 60.8 (13) | 42 | 55 | 81 |
| Tomasoni et al,25 2021 | Italy | Cross-sectional | Hospital discharge | 1.5 | 5 | Self-reported symptoms, HADS (mental status), MMSE (cognitive disorders) | 73 | Median (IQR), 55 (43-65) | 100 | 55 | 105 |
| Chiesa-Estomba et al,26 2020 | Spain | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis | 1.5 | 7 | Short Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders–Negative Statements and self-reported ENT, olfactory, and gustatory dysfunction | 36 | 41 (13) | 100 | 384 | 751 |
| Chopra et al,6 2021 | US | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 2 | 6 | Medical records | 52 | Median (IQR), 62 (50-72) | 100 | 159 | 488 |
| Mendez et al,27 2021 | Spain | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 2 | 7 | Quality of Life (SF-12), verbal memory (SCIP), verbal fluency (ANT), working memory (WAIS-III), anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PHQ-2), PTSD (DTS) | 58.7 | Median (IQR), 57 (49-67) | 100 | 79 | 179 |
| Huang et al,28 2021 | United States | Retrospective cohort | Diagnosis (with confirmed laboratory result) | 2 | 7 | Medical records | 28 | NA | NA | 380 | 1407 |
| Smet et al,29 2021 | Belgium | Retrospective cohort | Diagnosis | 2 | 6 | Lung radiography (chest abnormalities), spirometry (lung function), laboratory data (lactate dehydrogenase, troponin, D-dimer) | 62 | 55 (13) | NA | 137 | 220 |
| Sonnweber et al,30 2020 | Austria | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis | 2 | 5 | Self-reported symptoms, 6MWT (functional mobility), blood test | 60 | 58 (14) | 80 | 32 | 109 |
| Vaira et al,31 2020 | Italy | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis | 2 | 5 | Olfactory and gustatory psychophysical tests | 49.3 | 51.2 (8.8) | 23 | 8 | 138 |
| Carvalho-Schneider et al,14 2021 | France | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis with confirmed laboratory result | 2 | 5 | mMRC Dyspnea Scale (dyspnea), self-reported symptoms scaled on 10-point analog scale (chest pain, anosmia, and ageusia) | 44 | 49 (15) | 28 | 86 | 130 |
| Puntmann et al,32 2020 | Germany | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis with confirmed laboratory result | 2 | 8 | MRI (cardiac activity), laboratory data (cardiac activity), self-reported (other outcomes) | 53 | 49 (14) | 33 | 78 | 100 |
| Carfi et al,7 2021 | Italy | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 2 | 5 | EQ-VAS (QOL); self-reported symptoms in patient survey | 63 | 57 (15) | 100 | 125 | 143 |
| Rosales-Castillo et al,33 2021 | Spain | Retrospective cohort | Diagnosis with confirmed laboratory result | 2 | 5 | Self-reported symptoms | 56 | 60 (15) | 100 | 74 | 118 |
| Halpin et al,34 2021 | UK | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 2 | 5 | EQ-5D-5L (QOL); telephone interview screening tool (other outcomes) | 54 | Median (range), 71 (20-93) | 100 | 64 | 100 |
| Islam et al,35 2021 | UK | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis within 7 d of hospital admission | 2 | 6 | Self-reported symptoms via survey | 52 | Median (IQR), 66 (52-80) | 100 | 114 | 403 |
| D’Cruz et al,36 2021 | UK | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis at hospital admission | 2 | 6 | mMRC Dyspnea Scale (dyspnea); PHQ-9 (depression); TSQ (trauma); GAD-7 (anxiety); 6-CIT (cognitive impairment); CT scan (organ function); 4MGS (gait speed); 1-min sit-to-stand test (mobility) | 62 | 59 (14) | 100 | 106 | 119 |
| Mandal et al,37 2021 | UK | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis upon hospital admission | 2 | 6 | Lung radiography (chest abnormalities); blood sample (laboratory assessments); PHQ-2 (depression); self-reported symptoms | 62 | 60 (16) | 100 | 276 | 384 |
| Raman et al,38 2021 | UK | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 2.5 | 7 | Radiographic imaging, spirometry, 6MWT (functional mobility), CPET (cardiopulmonary fitness), QOL, self-reported health assessment | 58.6 | 55.4 (13.2) | 100 | 54 | 58 |
| Shah et al,39 2021 | Canada | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis with confirmed laboratory result | 3 | 8 | Pulmonary function test (lung function); 6MWT (mobility); CT scan (organ function); UCSD SOBQ (dyspnea) | 68 | Median (IQR), 67 (54-74) | 100 | 53 | 60 |
| Wong et al,40 2020 | Canada | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis with confirmed laboratory result | 3 | 8 | EQ-5D-5L (QOL); UCSD Frailty Index (frailty); UCSD SOBQ (shortness of breath); PSQI (sleep quality); PHQ-9 (depression), self-reported symptoms via survey | 64 | 62 (16) | 100 | 59 | 78 |
| Taquet et al,41 2021 | US | Retrospective cohort | Diagnosis | 3 | 8 | Medical records | 44 | 46 (20) | 20 | 78 005 | 236 379 |
| Tabatabaei et al,42 2020 | Iran | Retrospective cohort | Diagnosis with chest CT | 3 | 6 | Medical records, laboratory data (SpO2, white blood cell, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, leukocytosis), CT imaging | 62 | 50 (13) | 81 | 22 | 52 |
| Glück et al,15 2021 | Germany | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis | 3 | 7 | Serum laboratory tests, self-reported symptoms (fever, nausea, diarrhea, loss of smell or taste, fatigue, dyspnea, headache, cough, runny nose, sore throat, myalgia), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | 38 | Median, 40 | NA | 29 | 119 |
| Townsend et al,43 2020 | Ireland | Prospective cohort | Acute illness recovery | 3 | 7 | CFQ-11 (fatigue), laboratory results (white blood cell, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin 6, soluble interleukin-2 receptor) | 46 | 50 (15) | 55 | 67 | 128 |
| Janiri et al,44 2021 | Italy | Prospective cohort | Acute illness recovery | 3 | 7 | Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, self-reported COVID-19 characteristics | 56 | 55 (15) | 81 | 306 | 381 |
| van den Borst et al,45 2020 | Netherlands | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 3 | 6 | Pulse-oximetry and spirometry (pulmonary functioning); mMRC Dyspnea Scale (dyspnea); CT scan and radiography (chest function); CFS (frailty); HADS (anxiety and depression); TICS and CFQ (cognitive function); PCL-5 and IES-R (PTSD); SF-36 (QOL); blood sample (laboratory assessments) | 60 | 59 (14) | 100 | 89 | 124 |
| Lerum et al,46 2021 | Norway | Prospective cohort | Hospital admission | 3 | 5 | Self-report: mMRC Dyspnea Scale, QOL (EQ-5D-5L), chest CT scan, pulmonary function tests (spirometry) | 54 | Median (IQR), 59 (49-72) | NA | 37 | 103 |
| Sibila et al,47 2021 | Spain | Prospective cohort | Hospital admission | 3 | 4 | Pulmonary function tests (spirometry and DLCO) | 57 | 56 (16) | 100 | 109 | 172 |
| Arnold et al,48 2021 | UK | Prospective cohort | Hospital admission | 3 | 6 | Chest radiograph, pulmonary function tests (spirometry), exercise testing, serum laboratory tests, QOL (SF-36), WEMWBS | 62 | NA | 100 | 81 | 110 |
| Zhao et al,49 2020 | China | Retrospective cohort | Diagnosis or symptom onset | 3 | 6 | Medical records, chest CT, pulmonary function tests, serum laboratory tests | 58 | NA | NA | 35 | 55 |
| Weng et al,50 2021 | China | Prospective cohort | Hospital admission | 3 | 3 | Self-reported symptoms (fever, cough, dyspnea, gastrointestinal), medical records | 56 | NA | 100 | 52 | 117 |
| Xiong et al,51 2021 | China | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 3 | 8 | Medical records, self-report symptoms (general, respiratory, cardiovascular, psychological, and specifics) | 46 | Median (IQR), 52 (41-62) | 100 | 267 | 538 |
| Liang et al,52 2020 | China | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 3 | 8 | Self-reported symptoms, serum laboratory tests, pulmonary function tests, high-resolution CT imaging | 28 | 41.3 (13.8) | 100 | 45 | 76 |
| Qu et al,53 2021 | China | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 3 | 5 | Self-reported symptoms from phone interview, medical records for laboratory results, HRQoL (QOL) | 50 | Median (IQR), 47.5 (37-57) | 100 | 311 | 540 |
| Sonnweber et al,54 2021 | Austria | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 3 | 5 | Self-reported, mMRC score (dyspnea), spirometry (lung function), lung and chest radiography, laboratory tests | 55 | 57 (14) | 75 | 59 | 145 |
| Ugurlu et al,55 2021 | Turkey | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis, ie, laboratory result | 3 | 5 | Self-reported symptoms, B-SIT (smell abnormalities) | 45 | 41 (14) | 100 | 42 | 104 |
| Peluso et al,56 2021 | US | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis or symptom onset | 4 | 5 | Somatic symptoms (PHQ), QOL (EuroQol), mental health (GAD-7, PHQ-8, PCL-5) | 56 | Median (IQR), 48 (38-55) | 37 | 65 | 119 |
| Garrigues et al,57 2020 | UK | Prospective cohort | Hospital admission | 4 | 6 | mMRC Dyspnea Scale; QOL (EQ-5D-5L); health state (EQ-VAS) | 75 | 63 (16) | 100 | 66 | 120 |
| Bellan et al,58 2021 | Italy | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 4 | 8 | Pulmonary function tests, physical performance (SPPB), PTSD (IES-R) | 60 | Median (IQR), 61 (50-71) | 31 | 238 | 767 |
| Moreno-Perez et al,59 2021 | Spain | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis or symptom onset | 4 | 8 | QOL (EQ-VAS), chest radiographs, serum laboratory tests, pulmonary function tests | 53 | Median (IQR), 56 (53-72) | 66 | 141 | 277 |
| Guler et al,60 2021 | Switzerland | Prospective cohort | Acute illness recovery | 4 | 6 | Medical records, pulmonary function tests (spirometry, DLCO, respiratory strength), chest CT | 59 | NA | NA | 37 | 113 |
| Dennis et al,61 2021 | UK | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis or symptom onset | 5 | 8 | Self-report, serum laboratory tests, MRI, QOL (EQ-5D-5L) | 30 | 44 (11) | 18 | 199 | 201 |
| Logue et al,62 2021 | US | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis or symptom onset | 6 | 5 | Self-reported symptoms | 43 | 48 (15) | NA | 55 | 177 |
| Rauch et al,63 2021 | Germany | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis or symptom onset | 6 | 5 | Self-reported symptoms | 32 | NA | 9 | 85 | 127 |
| Trunfio et al,64 2021 | Italy | Retrospective cross-sectional | Diagnosis or symptom onset | 6 | 8 | Self-reported symptoms | 56 | Median (IQR), 56 (43-69) | 64 | 41 | 200 |
| Walle-Hansen et al,65 2021 | Norway | Prospective cohort | Hospital admission | 6 | 5 | QOL (EQ-5D-5L), VAS, cognitive capacity (MoCA), functional capacity (SPPB) | 57 | 74 | 100 | 57 | 106 |
| Huang et al,66 2021 | China | Ambidirectional cohort | Diagnosis or symptom onset | 6 | 8 | Dyspnea (mMRC), QOL, anxiety, and depression (EQ-5D-5L and EQ-VAS), serum laboratory tests, CT scans, mobility (6MWT) | 52 | Median (range), 57 (0-65) | NA | 1265 | 1655 |
| Han et al,67 2021 | China | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis or symptom onset | 6 | 8 | Medical records, chest CT, pulmonary function tests (spirometry, DLCO) | 70 | 54 (12) | 62 | 40 | 114 |
| Taboada et al,68 2021 | Spain | Prospective cohort | Hospital discharge | 6 | 5 | HRQoL (QOL), functional status, self-reported symptoms | 59 | 65.5 (10.4) | 100 | 61 | 91 |
| Peluso et al,56 2021 | US | Prospective cohort | Diagnosis or symptom onset | 8 | 5 | Somatic symptoms (PHQ), QOL (EuroQol), mental health (GAD-7, PHQ-8, PCL-5) | 56 | Median (IQR), 48 (38-55) | 69 | 48 | 64 |
| Glück et al,15 2021 | Germany | Prospective cohort | After COVID-19 diagnosis | 8 | 7 | Serum laboratory work, self-reported symptoms (fever, nausea, diarrhea, loss of smell or taste, fatigue, dyspnea, headache, cough, runny nose, sore throat, myalgia), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | 38 | Median, 40 | 0 | 35 | 119 |
Abbreviations: 4MGS, 4-meter gait speed; 6-CIT, 6-item Cognitive Impairment Test; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; ABG, arterial blood gas; ANT, Animal Naming Test; B-SIT, Brief Smell Identification Test; CFS, Clinical Frailty Scale; CFQ, Cognitive Failures Questionnaire–25; CPET, cardiopulmonary exercise test; CT, computed tomography; DLCO, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide; DTS, Davidson Trauma Scale; ENT, ear, nose, and throat; ECG, electrocardiogram; EQ-5D-5L, EuroQol 5-level 5-dimension; EQ-VAS, EuroQol visual analog scale; GAD-7, General Anxiety Disorder–7; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; IES-R, Impact of Events Scale; IQ-CODE-N, Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly–Netherlands; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NA, not available; PASC, post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection; PCL-5, PTSD Checklist of DSM-5; PCFS, Post–COVID-19 Functional Status; PHQ-2, Patient Health Questionnaire; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; QOL, quality of life; SCIP, Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry; SF, Short Form; SGRQ, St George Respiratory Questionnaire; SpO2, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation; SOBQ, Shortness of Breath Questionnaire; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery; TICS, Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status; TSQ, Trauma Screening Questionnaire; UCSD, University of California, San Diego; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, third edition; WEMWBS, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scales.