Table 1.

Recommended indicators from WHO and the World Bank for monitoring household energy use in national surveys (Unicef’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and USAID’s Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)), indicating which have been included in previous surveys or added to the latest versions of the surveys (MICS6 or DHS8)

Recommended indicators	Previously collected	Added to latest version
Cooking:
Primary cooking fuel	X	X
Cooking location	X	X
Primary cookstove		X
Cookstove chimney or hood		X
Time spent collecting fuel*		(X)†
Time spent cooking*		‡
Primary fuel collector*
Primary cook*
Injuries from fuel collection*
Heating:
Primary heating device		X
Primary heating fuel		X
Heater chimney or hood		X
Other heating fuels
Other heating devices
Months per year with heat use
Injuries from heating devices
Lighting:
Primary lighting source		X
Other lighting sources
Injuries from lighting sources

^{* Indicators for monitoring gendered health and livelihood impacts of household energy use.}

^† The child labour section of the MICS household questionnaire (MICS5) included a question on the combined time spent collecting water and wood by children. MICS6 added a questionnaire for children aged 5-17, which includes questions for one randomly selected child from each household on time spent collecting firewood for household use and whether the child helps with cooking. The sex of the child is also recorded in the MICS6 household questionnaire.

^‡The MICS6 questionnaire for children aged 5-17 asks about total time spent on various domestic activities (including cooking and other tasks); time spent specifically on cooking is not recorded.