TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients assigned to intervention (n = 1901) and usual care (n = 1882)
| Intervention (N = 1901) | Usual care (N = 1882) | Total (N = 3783) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristic | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | p value |
| Male, n (%) | 1707 (89.79) | 1686 (89.59) | 3393 (89.69) | 0.832 |
| Mean age, years (SEM) | 63.22 (0.30) | 62.98 (0.30) | 63.10 (0.21) | 0.571 a |
| Age, n (%) | ||||
| ≥65 years old | 925 (48.66) | 908 (48.25) | 1833 (48.45) | 0.8 |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| White, non‐Hispanic | 918 (48.60) | 880 (47.21) | 1798 (47.91) | 0.599 |
| African American | 815 (43.14) | 843 (45.23) | 1658 (44.18) | |
| Hispanic | 46 (2.44) | 41 (2.20) | 87 (2.32) | |
| Other | 110 (5.82) | 100 (5.36) | 210 (5.60) | |
| VHA enrollment priority, n (%) | ||||
| Group 1: Service connected ≥50% | 727 (38.24) | 707 (37.57) | 1434 (37.91) | 0.668 |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||
| Married | 614 (32.33) | 581 (30.90) | 1195 (31.62) | 0.246 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 924 (48.66) | 895 (47.61) | 1819 (48.13) | |
| Single | 361 (19.01) | 402 (21.38) | 763 (20.19) | |
| Unknown | 2 (0.11) | 4 (0.21) | 6 (0.16) | |
| Charlson comorbidity index, n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 358 (18.83) | 360 (19.13) | 718 (18.98) | 0.632 |
| 1 | 367 (19.31) | 384 (20.4) | 751 (19.85) | |
| 2‐6 | 1176 (61.86) | 1138 (60.47) | 2314 (61.17) | |
| Jen Frailty Index (JFI), n (%) | ||||
| ≥6 | 606 (31.96) | 593 (31.64) | 1199 (31.80) | 0.834 |
| Chronic medical conditions | ||||
| Acid related diseases | 604 (31.77) | 571 (30.34) | 1175 (31.06) | 0.341 |
| HIV/AIDS | 43 (2.26) | 36 (1.91) | 79 (2.09) | 0.453 |
| Alzheimer's | 16 (0.84) | 20 (1.06) | 36 (0.95) | 0.484 |
| Arthritis | 557 (29.3) | 548 (29.12) | 1105 (29.21) | 0.902 |
| Asthma | 166 (8.73) | 161 (8.55) | 327 (8.64) | 0.846 |
| Any cancer | 385 (20.25) | 380 (20.19) | 765 (20.22) | 0.963 |
| Colorectal cancer | 31 (1.63) | 40 (2.13) | 71 (1.88) | 0.262 |
| Congestive heart failure | 271 (14.26) | 266 (14.13) | 537 (14.2) | 0.915 |
| Chronic renal failure | 353 (18.57) | 346 (18.38) | 699 (18.48) | 0.884 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 452 (23.78) | 447 (23.75) | 899 (23.76) | 0.985 |
| Dementia | 48 (2.52) | 72 (3.83) | 120 (3.17) | 0.022 |
| Diabetes | 732 (38.51) | 748 (39.74) | 1480 (39.12) | 0.435 |
| Headache | 252 (13.26) | 246 (13.07) | 498 (13.16) | 0.866 |
| Hepatitis C | 211 (11.1) | 208 (11.05) | 419 (11.08) | 0.963 |
| Hypertension | 1390 (73.12) | 1371 (72.85) | 2761 (72.98) | 0.851 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 463 (24.36) | 451 (23.96) | 914 (24.16) | 0.778 |
| Low back pain | 790 (41.56) | 763 (40.54) | 1553 (41.05) | 0.526 |
| Lung cancer | 34 (1.79) | 42 (2.23) | 76 (2.01) | 0.331 |
| Multiple sclerosis | 8 (0.42) | 8 (0.43) | 16 (0.42) | 0.984 |
| Parkinson's disease | 24 (1.26) | 28 (1.49) | 52 (1.37) | 0.552 |
| Prostatic hyperplasia | 329 (17.31) | 350 (18.6) | 679 (17.95) | 0.301 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 242 (12.73) | 221 (11.74) | 463 (12.24) | 0.354 |
| Spinal cord injury | 14 (0.74) | 10 (0.53) | 24 (0.63) | 0.427 |
| Stroke | 186 (9.78) | 177 (9.4) | 363 (9.6) | 0.692 |
| Chronic behavioral health conditions | ||||
| Any drug dependence/abuse | 403 (21.2) | 406 (21.57) | 809 (21.39) | 0.779 |
| Anxiety | 100 (5.26) | 82 (4.36) | 182 (4.81) | 0.194 |
| Depression | 798 (41.98) | 828 (44) | 1626 (42.98) | 0.210 |
| Tobacco/nicotine dependence | 625 (32.88) | 642 (34.11) | 1267 (33.49) | 0.421 |
| Post‐traumatic stress disorder | 474 (24.93) | 477 (25.35) | 951 (25.14) | 0.771 |
| Schizophrenia | 89 (4.68) | 70 (3.72) | 159 (4.2) | 0.140 |
| Mean number of chronic conditions (of those listed above), n (SEM) | 5.58 (0.05) | 5.60 (0.05) | 5.59 (0.04) | 0.736 a |
Abbreviations: DID, difference in differences; PIM, Primary care Intensive Management; SEM, SE of the mean; VHA, Veterans Health Administration.
a
Chi‐squared used to compare all patient characteristics; except for age and mean number of chronic conditions.