Figure 11.

Spatial mapping with force modulation mode for a sample of native purple membrane using force-volume mapping in buffer solution. (A) Surface features of purple membrane viewed with a topography image that was used to measure cytoplasmic and extracellular heights. Corresponding maps of (B) Young’s modulus; (C) deformation; (D) adhesion forces between the tip and sample; (E) energy dissipation; and (F) the trigger force error channel. Scale bars are 200 nm. Reprinted with permission from ref (23d). Copyright 2011 John Wiley and Sons.