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Example force–volume maps (5 × 5 μm2) acquired with a mica substrate, which were collected in brine solutions using a methyl-functionalized tip that was coated with undecanethiol. Adhesion measurements were acquired in (A) high salinity, 72,800 ppm salts; (B) low salinity, 5000 ppm salts; and (C) low salinity brine water, 5000 ppm without cations. Reprinted with permission from ref (25d). Copyright 2020 MDPI.
