Table 2.

Crude and standardized incidence rates.

	Incidence rates (/100,000 person years) and 95% confidence intervals
	Crude	Standardized
		WHO 2020 standard population	European standard population	U.S. standard population
TBI hospitalizations	687.1	689.2 (687.2–691.2)	688.0 (686.0–690.0)	681.7 (679.8–683.7)
TBI main diagnosis	626.8	629.7 (627.8–631.6)	628.4 (626.5–630.3)	622.5 (620.6–624.4)
Male	739.4
Female	631.7
Mechanical ventilation	4.8	4.7 (4.5–4.8)	4.7 (4.5–4.8)	4.6 (4.5–4.8)
Mortality	0.67	0.65 (0.59–0.71)	0.66 (0.60–0.72)	0.65 (0.59–0.71)
Resuscitation	0.39	0.39 (0.35–0.44)	0.39 (0.35–0.44)	0.39 (0.34–0.43)
Loss of consciousness	96.9	95.5 (94.7–96.2)	95.7 (94.9–96.4)	95.4 (94.6 – 96.1)
Intracranial injury	18.4	18.2 (17.9–18.6)	18.2 (17.9–18.6)	18.0 (17.7–18.4)
Subdural hemorrhage	6.5	6.4 (6.2–6.6)	6.4 (6.2–6.6)	6.3 (6.1–6.5)
Epidural hemorrhage	3.6	3.6 (3.5–3.8)	3.6 (3.5–3.8)	3.6 (3.5–3.7)
Subarachnoidal hemorrhage	3.2	3.1 (3.0–3.3)	3.2 (3.0–3.3)	3.1 (3.0–3.3)
Brain edema	1.9	1.8 (1.7–1.9)	1.8 (1.7–1.9)	1.8 (1.7–1.9)
Other intracranial injury	9.8	9.7 (9.4–9.9)	9.7 (9.4–9.9)	9.6 (9.4–9.8)
Neurosurgery	4.6	4.5 (4.3–4.6)	4.5 (4.3–4.6)	4.4 (4.3–4.6)
EVD	1.6	1.6 (1.5–1.6)	1.6 (1.5–1.7)	1.5 (1.5–1.6)
Evacuation of hematoma	2.0	1.9 (1.8–2.1)	1.9 (1.8–2.1)	1.9 (1.8–2.0)
DC	0.94	0.92 (0.85–0.99)	0.92 (0.85–0.99)	0.91 (0.84–0.99)
Visceral surgery	1.6	1.5 (1.4–1.6)	1.5 (1.4–1.6)	1.5 (1.4–1.6)
Imaging	71.5	69.2 (68.6–69.9)	69.7 (69.1–70.3)	69.5 (68.8–70.1)
CT only	42.5	40.7 (40.2–41.2)	41.1 (40.6–41.6)	40.8 (40.3–41.3)
MRI only	22.3	21.9 (21.6–22.3)	22.0 (21.6- 22.3)	22.1 (21.7–22.4)
CT and MRI	6.7	6.6 (6.4–6.8)	6.6 (6.4–6.8)	6.6 (6.4–6.8)
Seizures*	5.3	5.3 (5.1–5.4)	5.3 (5.1–5.4)	5.3 (5.1–5.4)
Epileptic state	0.33	0.33 (0.29–0.38)	0.33 (0.29–0.38)	0.32 (0.28–0.37)

TBI, traumatic brain injury; SD, standard deviation; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; EVD, external cerebrospinal fluid drainage and/or invasive ICP monitoring; DC, decompressive craniectomy;

^*including any epilepsy.