Table 3.
Adjusted* continuous CAN indices versus slope of GFR and UACR
| N | Parameter | Outcomes | Estimate (95% CI) | P value | |
| Model 1 | 141 | Valsalva | UACR | −0.04 (0.02 to −0.07) | 0.031 |
| 144 | Valsalva | GFR | 0.108 (−0.307 to 0.522) | 0.611 | |
| 208 | 30/15 ratio | UACR | −0.04 (−0.07 to 0.0003) | 0.053 | |
| 212 | 30/15 ratio | GFR | 0.058 (−0.271 to 0.387) | 0.730 | |
| 211 | E/I ratio | UACR | −0.04 (−0.07 to −0.01) | 0.010 | |
| 215 | E/I ratio | GFR | 0.215 (−0.149 to 0.588) | 0.247 | |
| 213 | SDNN | UACR | −0.04 (−0.07 to −0.003) | 0.047 | |
| 217 | SDNN | GFR | 0.171 (−0.228 to 0.57) | 0.401 | |
| Model 2 | 141 | Valsalva | UACR | −0.031 (−0.07 to 0.01) | 0.097 |
| 144 | Valsalva | GFR | 0.057 (−0.364 to 0.478) | 0.790 | |
| 208 | 30/15 ratio | UACR | −0.042 (−0.07 to −0.02) | 0.003 | |
| 212 | 30/15 ratio | GFR | 0.050 (−0.276 to 0.376) | 0.763 | |
| 211 | E/I ratio | UACR | −0.039 (−0.07 to −0.01) | 0.014 | |
| 215 | E/I ratio | GFR | 0.222 (−0.145 to 0.589) | 0.234 | |
| 213 | SDNN | UACR | −0.034 (−0.068 to −0.001) | 0.054 | |
| 217 | SDNN | GFR | 0.156 (−0.243 to 0.554) | 0.444 | |
| Model 3 | 141 | Valsalva | UACR | −0.036 (−0.07 to 0.002) | 0.061 |
| 144 | Valsalva | GFR | −0.118 (−0.538 to 0.303) | 0.582 | |
| 207 | 30/15 ratio | UACR | −0.041 (−0.07 to −0.013) | 0.004 | |
| 211 | 30/15 ratio | GFR | −0.046 (−0.366 to 0.274) | 0.779 | |
| 210 | E/I ratio | UACR | −0.031 (−0.064 to 0.002) | 0.069 | |
| 214 | E/I ratio | GFR | 0.003 (−0.376 to 0.382) | 0.988 | |
| 212 | SDNN | UACR | −0.03 (−0.07 to 0.05) | 0.090 | |
| 216 | SDNN | GFR | −0.084 (−0.484 to 0.315) | 0.679 | |
| Model 4 | 141 | Valsalva | UACR | −0.034 (−0.07 to −0.004) | 0.077 |
| 144 | Valsalva | GFR | −0.034 (−0.447 to 0.378) | 0.870 | |
| 205 | 30/15 ratio | UACR | −0.034 (−0.06 to −0.006) | 0.017 | |
| 210 | 30/15 ratio | GFR | −0.025 (−0.350 to 0.301) | 0.882 | |
| 208 | E/I ratio | UACR | −0.016 (−0.05 to 0.017) | 0.344 | |
| 213 | E/I ratio | GFR | 0.037 (−0.361 to 0.435) | 0.855 | |
| 210 | SDNN | UACR | −0.018 (−0.05 to 0.02) | 0.322 | |
| 215 | SDNN | GFR | −0.045 (−0.460 to 0.369) | 0.830 | |
| Model 5 | 129 | Valsalva | UACR | −0.039 (−0.07 to −0.001) | 0.044 |
| 126 | Valsalva | GFR | 0.120 (−0.318 to 0.558) | 0.591 | |
| 185 | 30/15 ratio | UACR | −0.033 (−0.06 to −0.005) | 0.023 | |
| 184 | 30/15 ratio | GFR | −0.057 (−0.395 to 0.282) | 0.742 | |
| 185 | E/I ratio | UACR | −0.018 (−0.053 to 0.017) | 0.317 | |
| 184 | E/I ratio | GFR | 0.008 (−0.424 to 0.439) | 0.972 | |
| 187 | SDNN | UACR | −0.021 (−0.06 to 0.017) | 0.262 | |
| 186 | SDNN | GFR | −0.186 (−0.625 to 0.253) | 0.406 | |
| Model 6 | 129 | Valsalva | UACR | −0.021 (−0.058 to 0.016) | 0.275 |
| 126 | Valsalva | GFR | 0.078 (−0.373 to 0.529) | 0.734 | |
| 185 | 30/15 ratio | UACR | −0.032 (−0.060 to −0.004) | 0.027 | |
| 184 | 30/15 ratio | GFR | −0.059 (−0.398 to 0.281) | 0.735 | |
| 185 | E/I ratio | UACR | −0.016 (−0.053 to 0.021) | 0.401 | |
| 184 | E/I ratio | GFR | −0.013 (−0.459 to 0.433) | 0.956 | |
| 187 | SDNN | UACR | −0.021 (−0.058 to 0.016) | 0.275 | |
| 186 | SDNN | GFR | −0.193 (−0.633 to 0.248) | 0.392 |
Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for age and sex. Model 3: as model 2 and additionally adjusted for duration of diabetes, Hba1c, BMI, smoking, exercise, beta-blocker use, LDL cholesterol and systolic blood pressure. Model 4: as model 3, and additionally adjusted for baseline estimated GFR. Model 5: as model 4 and additionally adjusted for urinary albumin excretion rate.
*Estimates are for change in standardized units (95% CI).
BMI, body mass index; CAN, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; E/I ratio, expiration/inspiration ratio; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SDNN, SD of normal to normal interval; UACR, urine albumin to creatinine ratio.