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. 2021 Sep 29;13:738529. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.738529

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Copyright © 2021 Han, Liu, Huang, Zhang and Wei.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Process of directly reprogramming fibroblasts into neurons and DA neurons. (A) The fibroblasts are isolated from patients and reprogrammed to iPS cells, which are then differentiated into neurons or DA neurons. (B) The fibroblasts are directly converted to neural stem cells or dopaminergic precursor cells, which are then induced into neurons or DA neurons. (C) The fibroblasts can be directly reprogrammed into neurons or DA neurons. DA, dopaminergic neurons; iPS cells, pluripotent stem cells.