TABLE 1.
The transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to neurons and dopamine neurons by direct reprogramming.
| Source cells | Induced cells | Transcription factors/miRNA/chemicals | Efficiency | Transplantation | Investigators | PMID |
| Mouse embryonic and postnatal fibroblasts | Functional neurons | Ascl1, Brn2, and Myt1l | 19.55% neurons | No | Vierbuchen et al., 2010 | 20107439 |
| Human fibroblasts | Dopaminergic neurons | Ascl1, Brn2, Myt11, Lmx1a, FoxA2 | 16% neurons; 4.3% DA neurons | No | Pfisterer et al., 2011 | 21646515 |
| Mouse and human fibroblasts | Functional dopaminergic neurons | Mash1 (Ascl1), Nurr1 (Nr4a2), and Lmx1a | 10% neurons; 5% DA neurons | No | Caiazzo et al., 2011 | 21725324 |
| Human fetal lung fibroblasts | DA neurons | Mash1, Ngn2, Sox2, Nurr1, and Pitx3 | Less than 4% DA neurons | Yes | Liu et al., 2012 | 22105488 |
| Mouse fibroblasts | Induced neurons and DA neurons | Ascl1 and Nurr1 and neurotrophic factors including SHH and FGF8b | 51% Tuj1+ neurons, 33% DA neurons | No | Oh et al., 2014 | 24991651 |
| Human embryonic fibroblasts | Induced neurons | Ascl1,Brn2,Myt1l, small molecules | MAp2 + neurons 46% | Yes | Pereira et al., 2014 | 25208484 |
| Mouse fibroblasts | Dopaminergic precursors | Brn2, Sox2 and Foxa2, SHH, and FGF8 | TH+ 90% of the Tuj1+ neurons | Yes | Tian et al., 2015 | 26224135 |
| Human fetal lung fibroblast | Dopaminergic neurons | Ascl1, Nurr1, Lmx1a and miR124, p53 shRNA | Tuj1+ cells 31.1 ± 1.9%; TH+ cells (15.4 ± 1.1%) | No | Jiang et al., 2015 | 26639555 |
| Human fibroblasts | Neurons/dopaminergic neurons | Brn2, Sox2, and Foxa2 | 96.67 and 86.75% expressing TH+/NeuN+ and TH+/MAP2+ | No | He et al., 2019 | 30664902 |
| Mouse and human Astrocytes and Foreskin fibroblasts | Functional noradrenergic neurons | Ascl1, Phox2b, Ap-2a, Gata3, Hand2, Nurr1, andPhox2a | 6.6 ± 1.0%TH+ neuron | Yes | Li et al., 2019 | 31315047 |
| Human postnatal and adult fibroblasts | Striatal neurons, GABAergic neurons | miR-9/9*-124 with CTIP2 (BCL11B) DLX1, DLX2, MYT1L | 90% MAP2+, and 84% NeuN+; 72.3% GABAergic neurons of MAP2+ cells | Yes | Victor et al., 2014 | 25374357 |
| Human fetal lung fibroblast | Neurons/iDA neurons | miR124, p53 shRNA, Ascl1, Nurr1, and Lmx1a | 31.1% Tuj1+ cells, 15.4% TH+ cells | No | Jiang et al., 2015 | 26639555 |
| Human dermal fibroblasts | Neural precursor cells, GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons | cmRNA SOX2 and cmRNA PAX6 | 38% TUJ1+ neurons | No | Connor et al., 2018 | 30450440 |
| Mouse embryonic fibroblasts and adult tail-tip fibroblasts | Neural stem cells, neurons | Valproic acid, Bix01294, RG108, PD0325901, CHIR99021, Vitamin C, and A83-01 treatment | 31% neurons expressing MAP2+ | Yes | Han et al., 2016 | 26788068 |
| Mouse fibroblasts | Neuron-like cells | VPA, TD114-2 (CHIR99021), 616452, Tranylcypromine, Forskolin, AM580, EPZ004777 | 50% of cells expressing tau, Tuj1 and MAP2 | Yes | Li et al., 2017 | 28648365 |
| Human dermal fibroblasts | Neuron-like cells | Ngn2 and Ascl1; LDN-193189, A83-1, CHIR99021, Forskolin, SB-431542, Pyrintegrin, ZM336372, AZ960, and KC7F2 | 80% of cells expressing Tuj1 and NeuN | No | Herdy et al., 2019 | 31099332 |
| Fibroblasts | Induced neuronal cells | Fusion protein of 30Kc19 and Ascl1 | Not indicated | No | Ryu et al., 2020 | 32058047 |
| Mouse embryo fibroblasts | Induced neuronal cells | PTB-shRNA | Not indicated | No | 23313552 | |
| Mouse astrocytes in vivo | Induced dopamine neuron | NEUROD1, ASCL1 and LMX1A, and miR218 | 30.97% neurons and 16% induced dopamine neuron | Yes | Rivetti Di Val Cervo et al., 2017 | 28398344 |
| Mouse muller glia and astrocytes in striatum mouse | Induced neuron conversion | CasRx gene with two gRNAs 5 and 6 to knockdown Ptbp1 | 32% TH+ cells | Yes | Zhou et al., 2020 | 32272060 |
| Astrocytes in the middle brain | Neurons, DA neurons | PTB-shRNA | 80% of cells expressing NeuN; 22% of cell expressed TH and GIRK2 (A9 DA neurons) | No | Qian H. et al., 2020 | 32581380 |