Table 1.

Characteristics of eligible randomized controlled trials

Study	Year	Vitamin K/d	Ca/d	Type	Follow-up	Country	BMI(k/gm)	Age	No. (intervention/control, subjects)	Outcomes	Lumbar vertebrae BMD(mg/cm2)	Total femoral BMD(mg/cm2)	Femoral neck BMD(mg/cm2)	UcOC, based on baseline percentage change
Ronn (K2)	2020	375 μg	800 mg	K2	3 year	Denmark	NR	67.4	62/57	Femoral neck, hip	NR	NR	− 10/− 8	NR
Zhang et al. (K2)	2020	90 µg	500 mg	K2	1 year	China	23.5	65.9	81/74	Lumbar spine, femoral neck, hip	2/− 4	NR	− 3/− 3	NR
Kanellakis et al.(K2)	2012	100 μg	800 mg	K2	1 year	Greece	29.43	62	24/26	Lumbar spine, UcOC, total body	6/− 32	13/24	NR	− 23.6/28.7
Kanellakis et al. (K1)	2012	100 μg	800 mg	K1	1 year	Greece	30.06	62	26/26	Lumbar spine, UcOC, total body	16/− 32	13/24	NR	− 13.6/28.7
Je et al. (K2)	2011	45 mg	1200 mg	K2	4 year	Korea	NR	67.3	18/27	Lumbar spine, UcOC, femoral neck	10/− 8	NR	10/10	− 72.2/− 25
Moschonis et al.(K2)	2011	100 μg	800 mg	K2	1 year	Greece	29.65	62	24/39	Lumbar spine, UcOC, total body	6/− 8	13/− 1	NR	− 23.6/12.8
Moschonis et al. (K1)	2011	100 μg	800 mg	K1	1 year	Greece	30	62	26/39	Lumbar spine, UcOC, total body	16/− 8	13/− 1	NR	− 13.6/12.8
Shiraki (K2)	2009	45 mg	133 mg	K2	0.5 year	Japan	NR	68	55/49	UcOC	NR	NR	NR	− 57.1/− 25
Booth et al. (MK1)	2008	500 μg	600 mg	K1	3 year	America	NR	69	95/90	Lumbar spine, UcOC, femoral neck, total body	44/43	− 9/− 8	− 1/5	− 18.5/0.8
Booth et al.(WK1)	2008	500 μg	600 mg	K1	3 year	America	NR	68	134/133	Lumbar spine, femoral neck, total body, UcOC	9/9	− 18/− 18	− 9/− 8	− 18.7/3.1
Cheung (K1)	2008	5 mg	1500 mg	K1	4 year	Canada	26.1	58.9	33/40	Lumbar spine, UcOC, femoral neck, hip	− 3.2/− 4.9	NR	− 14.2/− 19.2	− 21.2/− 2
Bolton (K1)	2007	30 μg	1000 mg	K1	2 year	Scottish	26.15	67.8	49/56	Femoral neck, radius	NR	NR	1/0.7	NR
Purwosunu (K2)	2006	45 mg	1500 mg	K2	1 year	Indonesia	23.8	60.9	33/30	Lumbar spine, UcOC	1.74/1.4	NR	NR	− 58.3/− 9.9