Table 3.

Averaged in vivo measured hip joint loads during ordinary walking and Nordic Walking

	Fres						Mbend						Mtors
	1. Max (%BW)	Δ (%)	p	2. Max (%BW)	Δ (%)	p	1. Max (%BWm)	Δ (%)	p	2. Max (%BWm)	Δ (%)	p	Abs_max (%BWm)	Δ (%)	p
Ordinary walking
Level lawn	323 ± 45			267 ± 39			4.06 ± 00.8			4.01 ± 0.6			3.30 ± 0.4
Level ground (treadmill)	300 ± 39			263 ± 35			3.89 ± 0.8			3.73 ± 0.6			2.54 ± 0.4
10% Inclination	319 ± 40			242 ± 38			3.99 ± 0.8			3.41 ± 0.5			3.32 ± 0.5
10% Slope	335 ± 41			253 ± 39			4.29 ± 0.7			3.58 ± 0.6			3.38 ± 0.6
Diagonal technique
Level lawn	343 ± 52	+ 6	0.173	276 ± 35	+ 3	0.058	4.22 ± 0.9	+ 4	0.463	4.19 ± 0.5	+ 5	0.116	3.44 ± 0.6	+ 4	0.463
Level ground (treadmill)	308 ± 48	+ 3	0.115	267 ± 37	+ 1	0.463	3.91 ± 1	+ 1	0.753	3.94 ± 0.6	+ 6	0.116	2.62 ± 0.5	+ 3	0.249
10% Inclination	328 ± 43	+ 3	0.463	256 ± 35	+ 6	0.028	4.03 ± 0.76	+ 1	0.917	3.64 ± 0.6	+ 7	0.026	3.12 ± 0.7	− 6	0.173
10% Slope	340 ± 45	+ 2	0.600	259 ± 33	+ 2	0.141	4.29 ± 0.68	0	0.753	3.63 ± 0.6	+ 1	0.463	3.46 ± 0.5	+ 2	0.600
Double-poling
Level lawn	309 ± 50	− 4	0.046	248 ± 37	− 7	0.028	3.92 ± 0.9	− 3	0.344	3.66 ± 0.5	− 9	0.028	3.32 ± 0.6	+ 1	0.753
Level ground (treadmill)	297 ± 36	− 1	0.674	247 ± 28	− 6	0.043	3.83 ± 0.9	− 1	0.463	3.48 ± 0.5	− 7	0.046	2.69 ± 0.5	+ 6	0.400
10% Inclination	313 ± 51	− 2	0.600	249 ± 46	+ 3	0.600	3.83 ± 0.86	− 4	0.075	3.32 ± 0.6	− 3	0.249	3.13 ± 0.8	− 5	0.463
10% Slope	325 ± 41	− 3	0.141	242 ± 39	− 4	0.249	4.15 ± 0.64	− 3	0.345	3.38 ± 0.6	− 6	0.116	3.44 ± 0.6	+ 2	0.832

F_res: resultant contact force; M_bend: bending moment; M_tors: torsional moment; Δ: relative difference compared to ordinary walking at the same situation (level, inclination and slope); p: p value for the comparison of joint loads with ordinary walking