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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Aging Health. 2020 Oct 31;33(3-4):171–186. doi: 10.1177/0898264320967563

Table 3.

Food Insecurity and Age Differences in Utilization and Quality of Healthcare.

Seen doctor in past 12 monthsa ED admission in
past 12 monthsa
Doctor does not
always listenb
Doctor does not always
explain carefullyb
Model 1 (without covariates)
FS lvlc (FS)d OR [95% CI] OR [95% CI] OR [95% CI] OR [95% CI]
 Low FSd .7 [.5, .8]** 1.6 [1.4, 1.9]*** 1.5 [1.2, 1.8]*** 1.6 [1.3, 2.0]***
 Very low FSd .7 [.4, 1.0] 2.7 [2.2, 3.5]*** 1.5 [1.1, 2.0]** 1.9 [1.4, 2.5]***
Age, years (55–64)
 65–74 1.7 [1.5, 2.0]*** 1.1 [1.0, 1.2]* .8 [.8, .9]*** .9 [.8, 1.0]**
 75+ 1.7 [1.4, 2.0]*** 1.5 [1.4, 1.7]*** .8 [.7, .9]*** 1.0 [.9, 1.1]
Model 2 (adjusted models with covariates)
FS lvlc (FS)d OR [95% CI] OR [95% CI] OR [95% CI] OR [95% CI]
 Low FSd 1.0 [.7, 1.3] 1.2 [1.0, 1.5]* 1.2 [.9, 1.5] 1.3 [1.0, 1.6]*
 Very low FSd .8 [.5, 1.3] 1.6 [1.2, 2.1]** 1.3 [1.0, 1.8] 1.7 [1.3, 2.4]**
Age, years (55–64)
 65–74 .7 [.6, .9]** .7 [.6, .9]** 1.0 [.8, 1.2] 1.0 [.8, 1.2]
 75+ .6 [.5, .8]*** .9 [.7, 1.0] .9 [.8, 1.1] 1.2 [1.0, 1.4]
Gender (male)
 Female 1.2 [1.1, 1.4]** .9 [.8, 1.0]** 1.1 [1.0, 1.2] 1.0 [1.0, 1.1]
Race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white)
 Hispanic 1.0 [.8, 1.3] .9 [.7, 1.0] .9 [.7, 1.0] .8 [.6, .9]**
 Asian .7 [.5, .9]** .7 [.5, .8]*** 1.2 [1.0, 1.4] 1.1 [.9, 1.3]
 Black/African American 1.1 [.8, 1.5] 1.2 [1.0, 1.4] .7 [.5, .8]*** .6 [.5, .8]***
 Other .7 [.5, 1.0]* 1.4 [1.1, 1.7]* .9 [.7, 1.2] .8 [.6, 1.1]
Marital (married/partnere)
 Wid/div/sepf 1.0 [.8, 1.1] 1.2 [1.1, 1.4]*** 1.0 [.9, 1.2] 1.0 [.9, 1.2]
 Never married .8 [.6, 1.0] .9 [.8, 1.1] 1.0 [.8, 1.2] 1.1 [.9, 1.3]
General health (excellent/very good)
 Good/fair/poor 1.5 [1.3, 1.7]*** 1.8 [1.7, 2.1]*** 1.3 [1.2, 1.4]*** 1.4 [1.3, 1.6]***
Number of chronic conditions (0)
 1 1.8 [1.5, 2.1]*** 1.4 [1.3, 1.6]*** .9 [.8, 1.0]* .9 [.8, .9]**
 2 2.3 [1.8, 3.1]*** 2.1 [1.8, 2.4]*** .8 [.7, 1.0]* .9 [.7, 1.0]
 3 3.0 [1.4, 6.2]** 2.8 [1.9, 4.1]*** .6 [.4, .8]** .6 [.4, .9]*
Education level (HSg or less)
 More than HSg 1.3 [1.1, 1.5]** 1.1 [1.0, 1.2] 1.1 [1.0, 1.3]** 1.2 [1.1, 1.3]***
Employment status (full-time)
 Not lookingh 1.4 [1.2, 1.7]*** 1.4 [1.2, 1.5]*** .9 [.8, 1.0] .9 [.8, 1.1]
 Lookingi 1.3 [.9, 1.8] 1.1 [.8, 1.6] 1.4 [1.0, 1.8]* 1.3 [.9, 1.8]
 PT & otherj 1.3 [.9, 1.7] 1.1 [.9, 1.4] 1.0 [.8, 1.2] 1.0 [.9, 1.2]
Insurance status (uninsured)
 Medicare & Medicaid 6.0 [4.4, 8.2]*** 2.1 [1.6, 2.8]*** .8 [.6, 1.2] .9 [.6, 1.2]
 Medicare & others 8.7 [6.4, 11.9]*** 1.7 [1.3, 2.2]*** .8 [.6, 1.2] .9 [.6, 1.2]
 Medicare only 4.9 [3.5, 6.8]*** 1.6 [1.2, 2.2]** .8 [.6, 1.1] .8 [.6, 1.2]
 Medicaid only 3.1 [2.3, 4.3]*** 2.0 [1.5, 2.6]*** 1.1 [.8, 1.5] .9 [.6, 1.4]
 Employment-based 4.6 [3.6, 5.8]*** 1.2 [1.0, 1.6] 1.0 [.8, 1.4] 1.0 [.7, 1.3]
 Privately purchased 2.6 [1.9, 3.5]*** 1.2 [.8, 1.7] 1.0 [.7, 1.5] 1.1 [.8, 1.5]
 Other public 5.5 [3.6, 8.6]*** 1.9 [1.3, 2.7]** .8 [.5, 1.2] .8 [.5, 1.2]
Place of birth (US born)
 Not US born 1.0 [.8, 1.2] 1.0 [.8, 1.2] .9 [.8, 1.1] 1.1 [.9, 1.3]
English proficiency (proficient)
 Not proficient 1.0 [.8, 1.3] .8 [.6, .9]* 1.3 [1.1, 1.6]** 1.5 [1.3, 1.8]***
Income (0–29,999)
 30,000–59,999 1.3 [1.1, 1.6]** 1.1 [1.0, 1.3] .9 [.8, 1.1] .9 [.8, 1.1]
 60,000–89,999 1.3 [1.1, 1.6]* 1.0 [.8, 1.1] .9 [.8, 1.0] .9 [.8, 1.0]
 90,000–119,999 1.4 [1.1, 1.9]** 1.0 [.9, 1.3] .8 [.7, 1.0]* .9 [.7, 1.1]
 120,000–149,999 1.9 [1.3, 2.7]*** 1.0 [.8, 1.3] .7 [.6, .9]** .8 [.7, 1.0]
 150,000–179,999 1.7 [1.2, 2.4]** 1.0 [.8, 1.4] .8 [.6, 1.1] .9 [.7, 1.2]
 180,000 or more 1.7 [1.3, 2.2]*** 1.1 [.9, 1.3] .7 [.6, .9]** .8 [.6, .9]**
Time (2011)
 2012 1.1 [1.0, 1.3] 1.2 [1.0, 1.3]* 1.1 [1.0, 1.3]* 1.1 [1.0, 1.2]
 2013 .9 [.8, 1.1] 1.0 [.9, 1.2] 1.0 [.9, 1.2] 1.1 [.9, 1.2]
 2014 1.0 [.8, 1.2] 1.0 [.8, 1.1] .9 [.8, 1.1] .9 [.8, 1.0]
 2015 .9 [.7, 1.1] 1.1 [1.0, 1.2] 1.2 [1.0, 1.3]* 1.0 [.9, 1.2]
 2016 .9 [.7, 1.1] 1.1 [.9, 1.3] 1.1 [.9, 1.3] 1.1 [.9, 1.2]
Household size (1)
 2 1.1 [.9, 1.3] 1.0 [.9, 1.2] 1.0 [.9, 1.1] 1.1 [.9, 1.2]
 3 1.0 [.8, 1.3] 1.1 [.9, 1.3] 1.0 [.9, 1.2] 1.0 [.8, 1.1]
 4 .9 [.7, 1.2] 1.0 [.8, 1.2] 1.1 [.9, 1.3] 1.1 [.9, 1.3]
 5 1.1 [.8, 1.6] 1.1 [.8, 1.4] 1.1 [.9, 1.5] 1.1 [.8, 1.4]
 6 .9 [.5, 1.5] 1.0 [.7, 1.5] 1.4 [.9, 2.1] 1.4 [.9, 2.0]
 7 1.2 [.6, 2.4] 1.4 [.8, 2.4] 1.7 [1.0, 2.9] .9 [.5, 1.6]
 8 1.2 [.4, 3.5] 1.5 [.7, 3.3] 1.5 [.6, 3.7] 1.5 [.6, 3.6]
 9 .3 [.1, 1.4] 1.4 [.6, 3.4] 2.1 [.9, 5.3] 2.0 [.8, 4.8]
 10 6.8 [1.3, 35]* 4.2 [.7, 24.4] 1.8 [.3, 9.1] 1.0 [.2, 5.1]

Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.

*

p ≤ .05

**

p <.01

***

p < .001.

a

n = 72,212.

b

n = 64,213.

c

Food security level.

d

Food secure.

e

Living with partner.

f

Widowed/divorced/separated.

g

High school.

h

Unemployed and not looking for employment.

i

Unemployed and looking for employment.

j

Part-time and other.