Table 2. Univariate and multivariate models assessing depression risk in varying carbohydrate-to-fiber ratios in the U.S. during 2013-2016.
aOdds ratio; bConfidence interval; cReference group; dThis model adjusted for age, gender, race, education, BMI, alcohol consumption, poverty ratio, diabetes, hypertension, marital status, work and recreational physical activity, smoking, and total calorie intake; eRounded to hundredth place to show adjusted OR does not include 1.0; *p-value<0.05
| Unadjusted ORa (95% CIb) | Adjusted ORd (95% CI) | |
| Carbohydrate-to-Fiber Ratio Quartiles | ||
| Q1 2.3-12.1 | Refc | Ref |
| Q2 12.2-16.5 | 1.1 (0.8-1.5) | 0.9 (0.6-1.3) |
| Q3 16.6-22.9 | 1.3 (1.0-1.9) | 0.9 (0.6-1.4) |
| Q4 23.0-724.4 | 2.2 (1.6-2.99)* | 1.4 (1.02-1.92)e,* |
| Age (years) | ||
| 18-39 | Ref | Ref |
| 40-59 | 1.2 (1.0-1.6) | 0.9 (0.6-1.2) |
| 60+ | 0.9 (0.7-1.3) | 0.4 (0.3-0.7)* |
| Sex | ||
| Male | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 1.8 (1.4-2.3)* | 1.7 (1.2-2.5)* |
| Race | ||
| Non-Hispanic Whites | Ref | Ref |
| Mexican | 0.9 (0.6-1.3) | 0.6 (0.4-0.9)* |
| Other Hispanics | 1.4 (1.0-1.9) | 1.3 (0.8-2.0) |
| Non-Hispanic African Am. | 1.0 (0.8-1.4) | 0.7 (0.5-0.9)* |
| Non-Hispanic Asians | 0.3 (0.2-0.6)* | 0.5 (0.3-0.9)* |
| Other races | 2.3 (1.3-3.9)* | 1.9 (1.0-3.8) |
| Education Level | ||
| Less than high school | 1.4 (1.1-1.9)* | 1.4 (0.9-2.1) |
| High school | Ref | Ref |
| More than high school | 0.7 (0.5-0.9)* | 1.0 (0.8-1.5) |
| Poverty Ratio | ||
| 1.30 and below | 3.6 (2.7-4.7)* | 2.4 (1.7-3.3)* |
| 1.3-2.5 | 2.7 (2.0-3.7)* | 2.0 (1.3-2.9)* |
| 2.5-5.0 | Ref | Ref |
| Marital Status | ||
| Married | Ref | Ref |
| Non-married | 2.1 (1.7-2.6)* | 1.6 (1.3-2.1)* |
| N/A | 1.0 (0.5-2.0) | 1.2 (0.5-2.7) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||
| Under 25 | Ref | Ref |
| 25 to <30 | 0.8 (0.6-1.1) | 0.9 (0.7-1.2) |
| 30+ | 1.5 (1.1-2.1)* | 1.1 (0.8-1.4) |
| Alcohol Intake | ||
| Less than 12 drinks/year | Ref | Ref |
| Non-heavy drinkers | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | 1.3 (1.0-1.8) |
| Heavy drinkers | 1.3 (1.0-1.6)* | 1.3 (0.9-1.8) |
| Smoking History | ||
| No | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 2.3 (1.8-3.0)* | 1.9 (1.3-2.6)* |
| Physical Activity at Work (hrs/day) | ||
| 0 | Ref | Ref |
| 0.01 to <8 | 0.8 (0.5-1.1) | 0.8 (0.5-1.1) |
| 8 to <22 | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | 0.8 (0.5-1.1) |
| >=22 | 0.7 (0.5-0.9)* | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) |
| Physical Activity Recreationally (hrs/day) | ||
| 0 | Ref | Ref |
| 0.01 to <4 | 0.8 (0.5-1.0) | 1.1 (0.7-1.5) |
| 4 to <8 | 0.4 (0.3-0.6)* | 0.6 (0.4-0.8)* |
| >=8 | 0.3 (0.2-0.4)* | 0.4 (0.3-0.5)* |
| Diabetes | ||
| No | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1.7 (1.3-2.2)* | 1.4 (0.9-2.2) |
| Hypertension | ||
| No | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1.7 (1.4-2.2)* | 1.6 (1.1-2.2)* |
| Total Energy Intake (kcal) | 1.0 (0.9-0.9)* | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) |