(A) Schematic diagram showing the in vitro isolation of bone marrow Mo/Macs and the induction of osteoclast differentiation. (B) Conditioned medium (CM) was collected from Mo/Mac, preosteoclast, and osteoclast cultures, as described in Methods. PDGF-BB protein concentration in different CMs was measured using ELISA. (C) Rat VSMCs were incubated with CM from Mo/Mac, preosteoclasts, and osteoclasts for 48 hours. Cell proliferation was assessed using the MTT method. (D) Transwell assays for preosteoclast CM–induced migration of VSMCs. n = 5. Data are mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, 1-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test.