Table 1.
Reliabilities and validities of the study variables.
| Variables | Source | Items | Factor loadings | α | CR | AVE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Role conflict (RC) | Moore (2000) | RC1 | I receive a work task without the manpower to complete it | 0.73 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.69 |
| RC2 | I receive incompatible work requests from two or more people | 0.88 | |||||
| RC3 | I do things that are apt to be accepted by one person and not accepted by others | 0.84 | |||||
| RC4 | I receive a work task without adequate resources and materials to execute it | 0.83 | |||||
| RC5 | I work on unnecessary things | 0.86 | |||||
| Job insecurity (JI) | Vander Elst et al. (2014) | JI1 | Chances are I will soon lose my job | 0.87 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.83 |
| JI2 | I am not sure I can keep my job | 0.81 | |||||
| JI3 | I feel insecure about the future of my job | 0.89 | |||||
| JI4 | I think I might lose my job in the near future | 0.96 | |||||
| JI5 | I am worried about having to leave my job before I would like to | 0.96 | |||||
| JI6 | There is a risk that I will lose my present job in the coming year | 0.92 | |||||
| JI7 | I am worried that I could lose my present job in the near future | 0.95 | |||||
| Cynicism (CN) | Maslach et al. (1996) | CN1 | I have become less enthusiastic about my work | 0.75 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.66 |
| CN2 | I have become more cynical about whether my work contributes anything | 0.90 | |||||
| CN3 | I doubt the significance of my work | 0.86 | |||||
| CN4 | I have become less interested in my work | 0.84 | |||||
| CN5 | I lost my concentration and was bothered by COVID-19 | 0.70 | |||||
| Knowledge hiding (KH) | Peng (2012) | KH1 | I do not want to transfer personal knowledge and experience to others | 0.77 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.69 |
| KH2 | I withhold helpful information or knowledge from others | 0.86 | |||||
| KH3 | I do not want to transform valuable skills and expertise into organizational knowledge | 0.92 | |||||
| KH4 | I do not want to share innovative achievements | 0.75 | |||||
| Job performance(JP) | Chiang and Hsieh (2012) | JP1 | I fulfilled my job responsibilities | 0.82 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.70 |
| JP2 | I met performance standards and expectations of the job | 0.90 | |||||
| JP3 | My performance level satisfied my manager | 0.91 | |||||
| JP4 | I was effective in my job | 0.87 | |||||
| JP5 | My performance was still good as the time before the pandemic | 0.67 | |||||
| Transformational leadership (TL) | Dai et al. (2013) | TL1 | The supervisors can understand my situation and give me encouragement and assistance | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.93 | 0.78 |
| TL2 | The supervisor encourages me to take the pandemic as challenges | 0.93 | |||||
| TL3 | The supervisor encourages us to make efforts towards fulfilling the company vision during the pandemic | 0.92 | |||||
| TL4 | The supervisor encourages me to think about the pandemic from a new perspective | 0.82 |
Note: α = Cronbach's alpha, CR = composite reliability, AVE = average variance extracted.