Table 3.
Characteristics of each included study (alphabetical order)
| Study | Country | Care recipient group | Method of measurement | Sample size | Measurement issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bittman et al. [39] | Australia | Not specified | Recall questionnaire and time diary | 918 carers via recall and 889 in time use survey |
(1) Carer and recipient identification (2) Time measurement method |
| Dewey et al. [40] | Australia | Stroke | Recall questionnaire | 340 care recipients | (1) Incremental time |
| Dumont et al. [23] | Canada | Palliative care patients | Recall questionnaire | 268 caregivers; 248 recipients | (1) Incremental time |
| Flyckt et al. [41] | Sweden | Psychosis | Recall questionnaire and time diary | 118 caregivers; 107 recipients | (1) Time measurement method |
| Hanly et al. [38] | Ireland | Cancer (head and neck) | Recall questionnaire | 180 caregivers; 180 recipients | (1) Incremental time |
| Hassink and Van den Berg [42] | Netherlands | Not specified | Time diary | 199 caregivers |
(1) Joint production (2) Time-bound tasks |
| Hickenbottom et al. [43] | USA | Stroke | Recall questionnaire | 6784 individuals with no stroke, 281 stroke without health problem, 375 stroke with health problem (Asset and Health Dynamics Study) | (1) Incremental time |
| Jakobsen et al. [44] | Denmark | Dementia | Recall questionnaire | 469 caregivers | (1) Intangible tasks |
| Jarbrink et al. [28] | UK | Autism spectrum disorder | Recall questionnaire and time diary | 15 carers (parents) and 17 recipients (children) |
(1) Incremental time (2) Time measurement method |
| Joo et al. [45] | USA | Stroke | Recall questionnaire | 8525 respondents from the Health and Retirement Study; 230 had a stroke and 8295 were the non-stroke group | (1) Incremental time |
| Langa et al. [46] | USA | Dementia | Recall questionnaire | 7443 respondents to the Asset and Health Dynamics Study | (1) Incremental time |
| Langa et al. [47] | USA | Lung disease | Recall questionnaire | 7443 respondents to the Asset and Health Dynamics Study | (1) Incremental time |
| Leicht et al. [48] | Germany | Dementia | Recall questionnaire | 173 dementia patients; 176 matched controls | (1) Incremental time |
| Moore et al. [49] | USA | Dementia | Recall questionnaire | 2043 caregivers | (1) Incremental time |
| Neubauer et al. [50] | Germany | Dementia | Recall questionnaire (RUD) | 357 caregivers (26 of these were not the primary caregiver) to someone with dementia |
(1) Multiple caregivers (2) Incremental time |
| Neubauer et al. [51] | Germany | Dementia | Recall questionnaire (RUD) | 357 caregivers; 390 patients | (1) Multiple caregivers |
| Oldenkamp et al. [52] | Netherlands | Not specified | Recall questionnaire | 8443 caregivers as part of the LifeLine study, 2002 caregivers who gave consent for the informal care questionnaire and 965 returned the questionnaire | (1) Non-response bias |
| Ostbye and Crosse [53] | Canada | Dementia | Recall questionnaire | N/A | (1) Incremental time |
| Paraponaris and Davin [54] | France | Dementia | Recall questionnaire | 513 caregivers to someone with dementia matched to 4167 individuals | (1) Incremental time |
| Rutherford and Bu [55] | England | Not specified | Recall questionnaire | 521 spousal caregivers; 799 spousal care recipients | (1) Carer and recipient identification |
| Skolarus et al. [56] | USA | Stroke | Recall questionnaire | 892 stroke survivors matched to 892 individuals without a stroke | (1) Incremental time |
| Timonet-Andreu et al. [57] | Spain | Heart failure | Recall questionnaire (perceived and actual) | 478 family caregiver dyads | (1) Time measurement method |
| Van den Berg and Spauwen [58] | Netherlands | Not specified | Recall questionnaire and time diary | 199 caregivers |
(1) Aggregation of informal care tasks (2) Incremental time (3) Joint production bias (4) Time measurement method |
| Van den Berg et al. [29] | Netherlands | Rheumatoid arthritis and stroke | Recall questionnaire and time diary | 365 caregivers (n = 147 to those with RA; n = 218 to those with stroke) | (1) Incremental time |
| Wimo et al. [22] | Not reported | Dementia | Not reported | 15 caregivers | (1) Intangible tasks |
| Wimo et al. [59] | Sweden | Dementia | Recall questionnaire (RUD) | 92 caregivers; 92 recipients | (1) Intangible tasks |
| Wimo et al. [60] | Sweden | Dementia | Recall questionnaire (RUD) and direct observation | 14 caregiving dyads |
(1) Intangible tasks (2) Joint production bias (3) Time measurement method |
RA rheumatoid arthritis, RUD Resource Utilization in Dementia instrument