Table 2.

Major physiological roles of HDAC9

Role	Upstream regulators	Downstream targets and signaling	References
Regulates cardiac development and controls cardiac hypertrophy	Long non-coding RNAs MEG3 and miR-361-5p	Hypertrophic signaling and MEF2	[24, 46]
Negatively regulates muscle differentiation	MEF2	MEF2	[25]
Connects neuronal activity to gene expression in muscle tissue		AChR, MEF2	[48]
Maintains the neuronal-based functions of the brain and prevents neuronal death		AES	[22, 49, 50]
Regulates development of the limb bud		Gli1and Shh signaling	[51]
Controls chondrocyte viability and hypertrophic maturation		Nkx3.2, and the PIASy-RNF4 axis	[52]
Suppresses osteoclast differentiation, promotes osteogenesis, and inhibits adipogenesis of BMSCs	miR-188	PPARγ/RANKL signaling, PPARγ-2, and FABP4	[27, 53–55]
Regulates adipogenic differentiation		C/EBPα abd adiponectin	[56–58]
Regulates gluconeogenesis		FOXO1	[59–61]
Regulates macrophage polarization		ABCA1, ABCG1, and PPARγ	[62]
Activates antiviral innate immunity	Dnmt3a	TBK1-IRF3 signaling and type I IFNs	[63]
Regulates effector T cell-mediated systemic autoimmunity		PPARγ	[64]
Controls regulatory T cell function		Foxp3 and STAT5	[65–67]
Regulates DC differentiation		GATA3	[68]
Promotes angiogenesis		miR-17-92 cluster	[69, 70]