Table 3.

Roles of HDAC9, its upstream regulators and its downstream targets in human cancers

Cancer type	Cells and tissues	Roles	Upstream regulators	Downstream targets	Ref.
Glioblastoma (GBM)	Glioma tissues and primary glioma cells, and human GBM cell lines U87 and LN229	Promotes GBM cell growth and tumor formation		TAZ	[91]
Medulloblastoma (MB)	Primary tumor tissues of MB patients	Increases rate of cell growth and viability			[92]
Breast cancer (BC)	Serum from recurrent BC and TNBC patients and TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-1739, and HCC1395	Promotes invasion and tumor angiogenesis		miR-206	[93, 94]
	Tumor tissues from BC patients and human BC cell lines MCF-7 and BT474	Promotes BC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion			[95]
	Aggressive BC cell lines, including luminal cell lines ZR75, T47D, SKBR3, BT474, and HCC1500, and basal cell lines HCC1937, SUM149, MDA231, MDA436, Hs578T, BT549, and HBL100	Promotes proliferation and decreased apoptosis of target cells		SOX9	[96]
	Paclitaxel-resistant TNBC MDA-MB-231 and tumor tissues from BC patients	Increases paclitaxel resistance in TNBCs		IL11	[97]
	ERα-negative tumor tissues from a BC patient and ERα-negative BC cell lines MDA‐MB231 and MDA‐MB436	Increases antiestrogen resistance in BC cells		ERα	[98]
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)	Tumor tissues from HCC patients, differentiated HCC cell lines HepG2 and HuH1, HCC cell lines Hep3B, Huh7, and PLC, undifferentiated HCC cell lines HLE and HLF, and OXA-resistant HCC cells	Increases cell growth, reduces apoptosis, and increases anchorage-independent cell growth	miR-376a	miR-376a, ALDH1A3	[99–103]
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)	PDAC tissues and cell lines CFPAC-1, HPAC, SW1990, and Capan-2	Promotes PDAC cell proliferation and migration			[104]
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)	Tumor tissues from OSCC patients and UPCI-SCC-116 cells	Promotes cell growth, and inhibits apoptosis	miR-377	MEF2D, NR4A1	[35, 105]
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC)	Tumor tissues from CSCC patients	Tumorigenesis			[106]
Leiomyosarcoma (LMS)	Tumor tissues from LMS patients and LMS cell lines SK-UT-1, SK-LMS-1, MES-SA, and DMR	Sustains proliferation and survival of LMS cells		FAS	[107–109]
Osteosarcoma	Tumor tissues from osteosarcoma patients and osteosarcoma cell lines U2OS and MG63	Promotes cell proliferation and invasion		p53	[110]
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)	Bone marrow samples from children diagnosed with ALL				[111, 112]
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)	AML cell line HL60 induced with sodium valproate				[112, 113].
B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL)	B-NHL cell lines and primary samples from B-NHL patients	Promotes cell growth and survival		BCL6, p53	[15, 114, 115]
Gastric cancer (GC)	Tumor tissues from GC patients and human GC cell lines SGC-7901, BGC-823, MKN-45, AGS, MGC-803, and HGC-27	Promotes cell proliferation and reduces apoptosis	miR-383-5p		[31, 116]
Lung cancer; non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	Tumor tissues from NSCLC patients and NSCLC cell lines SK-MES-1, H522, H460, and A549	Promotes cell proliferation, reduces cell apoptosis, and enhances the progression of NSCLC	CBR3-AS1, miR 509 3p		[34, 117, 118]
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)	Tumor tissues from ESCC patients and esophageal carcinoma TE1 cells	Promotes cell proliferation, migration, invasion, amd enhances the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process	miR-30d-5p		[33]
Bladder cancer (BCa)	BCa cell lines 5637 and T24 and urine from patients diagnosed with urothelial BCa	Promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and reduces cell apoptosis	miR-211-5p		[32, 119]
Retinoblastoma (Rb)	Tumor tissues from Rb patients and human Rb cell lines Y79 and WERI-Rb-1	Promotes cell proliferation and reduces apoptosis	miR-936, miR-101-3p		[29, 30, 120]
BRM-negative carcinoma	BRM-negative cell lines SW13 and C33A	Sustains growth of carcinoma cell		BRM	[121]