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. 2021 Oct 14;11:20398. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99893-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterization of UV-inactivated virus for Sars-Cov-2 studies. (A) Duplicate plaque assays of supernatants of Sars-CoV-2 exposed to increasing doses of 254 nm radiation and then tested for viability. The live virus completely lysed the cells at 1:100 dilution relative to UV exposed virions. (B) Graph shows UV dose–response, leading to a significant decrease in plaque-forming units at different doses. For our experiments, a 90 s (450 mW s/cm²) UV dose was used to inactivate the virus before removal from the BSL-3 laboratory. (C) Confocal microscopy imaging of cells after incubation with SARS-CoV-2^R18 (magenta) for 15 min, then fixed and labeled for early endosome marker, early endosome antigen 1 or EEA1 (green), an effector protein for Rab5, and nuclei (Hoechst 33,258, blue). SARS-CoV-2^R18 vesicles are trafficked to the perinuclear region, and a subset is co-localized with EEA1. Images are maximum projections and have been brightness and contrast-enhanced.