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. 2021 Oct 14;6:86. doi: 10.1038/s41525-021-00250-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D, CI confidence interval, GWAS genome-wide association study, OR odds ratio, SNP single-nucleotide polymorphism, UKBB UK Biobank. The estimates of MR analyses were derived from inverse-weighted model with random effects and scaled to one standard deviation increase in serum calcium and 25(OH)D concentrations. The cases were defined by living to an age beyond the 90th survival percentile based on individual cohort life tables from census data from the appropriate country, sex, and birth cohort and the controls were individuals who died at or before the 60th percentile of the expected age at death or whose age at the last follow-up visit was ≤60th survival percentile in Deelen et al. study. The cases were individuals with both parents’ lifespan in top 10% (father’s age ≥86 years and mother’s age ≥90 years) in Pilling et al. study.