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. 2021 Oct 14;11:20406. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00088-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fecal microbiota transplantation from patients with IBD/D⁻ or IBD/D⁺ and healthy volunteers (HVs) caused anxiety/depression in the transplanted mice. Effects on the occurrence of anxiety/depression in the EPM (a), LDT (b), MB tasks (c), TST (d), and FST (e). Effects on the IL-1β expression (f), BDNF⁺/NeuN⁺, NF-κB⁺/Iba1⁺, LPS⁺/Iba1⁺ and IL-1R⁺ cell populations in the hippocampus (g). Effects on the corticosterone (h), IL-1β (i), IL-6 (j), and LPS levels (k). Each HV-F (n = 6), IBD/D⁻-F (n = 8), or IBD/D⁺-F (n = 7) was orally transplanted in three mice once a day for 5 days. Control mice were treated with vehicle (saline) instead of fecal suspension. Data values were indicated as mean ± SD (NC n = 6; HV-F n = 6; IBD/D⁻ n = 8; IBD/D⁺ n = 7: each n value is the average obtained from 3 mice). Means with same letters are not significantly different (p < 0.05). All data were analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test.