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. 2021 Oct 14;12:6002. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26169-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Interference between the incident wave and a reference wave produces intensity modulation that can be recorded by photodetector arrays. The reference wave can often be generated from the same incident wave. Multiple interference patterns are usually needed in order to retrieve the wavefront without ambiguity. b Arrays of micro-lenses are used to measure the spatial distribution of incident angles on the wavefront. The size of lenses is usually much larger than the optical wavelength in order to have a good focus.