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. 2021 Oct 14;11:18631. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98242-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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3D printed wings with artificial Voronoi venations. (a–d) Design process for wing venation. The wing shape and primary veins were manually designed. The artificial venation program generates secondary veins using WCV patterns with selected weight parameters and directions. (e) Thrust test results. (f) Wing venation printed on PP film using an FDM 3D printer. (g, h) First (twisting) and second (bending) vibration modes of the AB-type wing simulated by Fusion 360. The general properties of the PP plastic material were used. (E = 1.34 GPa, ν = 0.392, ρ = 899 kg/m³). (i) Flapping mechanisms built with wings. (j) One-piece build flapping drone (except for the motor unit).