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. 2021 Oct 14;11:20495. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99368-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Lagging effect in the subgroup analysis. Variation of coefficients and p values of policies and indices according to groups is shown. The size and transparency of the circular dots increase with the time lag (0, 3, 7, 10, 14). (a) Analysis of all 90 countries shows C1, C2, C4, C5, C6, C7, H3, H4, H5, SI, and CoI are significant at all time lags. (b) Group 1 analysis shows H4, H5, and SI are significant at all-time lags. (c) Group 2 analysis shows C1, C2, C4, C5, C6, C7, E4, H3, H4, H5, SI, RI, CI, and CoI are significant at all-time lags. (d) Group 3 analysis shows C2, C5, C8, E1, E2, E3, E4, H1, H3, H4, HI, and EI are significant at all-time lags.