Figure 2.

Modulatory mechanisms and protective effects of sinomenine in cerebral and myocardial IRI. (A) Sinomenine may alleviate cerebral IRI through inhibition of neurological inflammation, neurocyte apoptosis, and calcium overload in the cerebrum, resulting in the amelioration of brain injury and improvement of neurological function. (B) Sinomenine could mitigate myocardial IRI by suppressing the apoptosis and oxidative stress of cardiomyocytes, as well as lowering myocardial calcium level, further leading to the reduction of IR-induced arrhythmia. Red upward arrows represent stimulation by sinomenine, and green downward arrows represent inhibition by sinomenine.