Table 1.
Potential mechanistic link between CVD and biomarkers.
| Biomarker | Potential link with CVD | References |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiac troponin I | Myocardial injury | (10) |
| BNP/NT-proBNP | Myocardial stretch | (11) |
| Adiponectin | Insulin resistance Altered lipid metabolism Endothelial dysfunction Atherosclerosis Inflammation |
(12, 13) |
| A-FABP | Insulin resistance Altered lipid metabolism Endothelial dysfunction Atherosclerosis Inflammation |
(14, 15) |
| H-FABP | Altered lipid metabolism Myocardial injury |
(16) |
| Lipocalin-2 | Atherosclerosis Plaque instability Vascular remodelling Insulin resistance Inflammation |
(17, 18) |
| FGF-19 | Altered lipid metabolism Altered glucose metabolism Insulin resistance |
(19, 20) |
| FGF-21 | Altered lipid metabolism Altered glucose metabolism Insulin resistance |
(19, 21) |
| RBP4 | Insulin resistance Atherosclerosis Inflammation |
(22, 23) |
| PAI-1 | Thrombus formation Impaired fibrinolysis Insulin resistance Inflammation |
(24) |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D | Insulin resistance Endothelial dysfunction Atherosclerosis Inflammation |
(25) |
| PCSK9 | Altered lipid metabolism Atherosclerosis |
(26) |
A-FABP, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; H-FABP, heart-type fatty acid-binding protein; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor; PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; RBP, retinol-binding protein.