Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by categories of sarcopenia and sex
| Total | Women | Men | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non‐sarcopenic | Pre‐sarcopenia* | Sarcopenia* | Non‐sarcopenic | Pre‐sarcopenia* | Sarcopenia* | ||
| Socio‐demographics | |||||||
| Total, n (%) | 154,429 (100) | 68,343 (92.0) | 5430 (7.3) | 520 (0.7) | 76,061 (94.9) | 4036 (5.0) | 39 (0.1) |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 56.2 (8.1) | 55.4 (8.1) | 59.9 (7.0) | 62.5 (5.4) | 56.5 (8.1) | 59.9 (7.4) | 60.9 (7.2) |
| Deprivation, n (%) | |||||||
| Lower | 54,620 (35.4) | 24,234 (35.5) | 1590 (29.3) | 153 (29.4) | 27,539 (36.2) | 1094 (27.1) | 10 (25.6) |
| Middle | 53,924 (34.9) | 24,019 (35.1) | 1968 (36.2) | 210 (40.4) | 26,377 (34.7) | 1341 (33.2) | 9 (23.1) |
| Higher | 45,885 (29.7) | 20,090 (29.4) | 1872 (34.5) | 157 (30.2) | 22,145 (29.1) | 1601 (39.7) | 20 (51.3) |
| Lifestyle | |||||||
| Body fat (kg), mean (SD) | 24.1 (8.8) | 26.2 (9.4) | 26.9 (9.3) | 22.4 (6.4) | 22.0 (7.8) | 22.5 (8.1) | 19.2 (8.4) |
| Total PA (MET/h/week), mean (SD) | 3067.3 (3345.0) | 2751.3 (2839.4) | 2707.0 (2852.2) | 2562.4 (2741.2) | 3378.1 (3732.8) | 2998.0 (3503.0) | 1938.4 (1675.7) |
| Total sedentary behaviour (h/day), mean (SD) | 5.0 (2.2) | 4.6 (1.9) | 4.7 (2.0) | 4.6 (1.9) | 5.4 (2.4) | 5.4 (2.5) | 4.7 (2.9) |
| Red meat (portion.week‐1), mean (SD) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.0 (1.3) | 2.0 (1.3) | 1.9 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.4) | 2.3 (1.6) | 2.2 (1.6) |
| Processed meat intake (portion.week‐1), mean (SD) | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.7 (1.0) | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.0 (1.2) |
| Protein (g/day), mean (SD) | 83.3 (25.8) | 78.7 (23.1) | 78.1 (23.8) | 74.2 (22.7) | 87.8 (27.5) | 85.2 (26.7) | 81.6 (22.4) |
| Calcium (mg/day), mean (SD) | 995.4 (389.4) | 959.5 (370.3) | 960.8 (390.2) | 877.3 (356.2) | 1031.2 (403.9) | 998.7 (373.5) | 960.6 (292.7) |
| Alcohol frequency intake, n (%) | |||||||
| Daily or almost daily | 3868 (21.3) | 11,403 (16.7) | 805 (14.8) | 91 (17.5) | 19,560 (25.7) | 994 (24.6) | 1298 (20.9) |
| 3–4 times a week | 38,929 (25.2) | 15,478 (22.7) | 974 (17.9) | 85 (16.4) | 21,415 (28.2) | 970 (24.0) | 1177 (18.9) |
| Once or twice a week | 42,235 (27.4) | 19,007 (27.8) | 1509 (27.8) | 129 (24.8) | 20,512 (27.0) | 1072 (26.6) | 1618 (26.0) |
| 1–3 times a month | 17,014 (11.0) | 9212 (13.5) | 655 (12.1) | 64 (12.3) | 6718 (8.8) | 362 (9.0) | 608 (9.7) |
| Special occasions only | 14,595 (9.4) | 8705 (12.7) | 913 (16.8) | 88 (16.9) | 4565 (6.0) | 322 (8.0) | 782 (12.6) |
| Never | 8788 (5.7) | 4538 (6.6) | 574 (10.6) | 63 (12.1) | 3291 (4.3) | 316 (7.8) | 740 (11.9) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||||
| Never | 84,809 (54.9) | 41,026 (60.0) | 3177 (58.5) | 295 (56.7) | 38,319 (50.4) | 1972 (48.9) | 20 (51.3) |
| Previous | 54,546 (35.3) | 21,663 (31.7) | 1832 (33.7) | 176 (33.9) | 29,264 (38.5) | 1600 (39.6) | 11 (28.2) |
| Current | 15,074 (9.8) | 5654 (8.3) | 421 (7.8) | 49 (9.4) | 8478 (11.1) | 464 (11.5) | 8 (20.5) |
| Health status | |||||||
| Multimorbidity, n (%) | |||||||
| 0 | 57,877 (37.5) | 27,058 (39.6) | 1348 (24.8) | 111 (21.4) | 28,336 (37.3) | 1012 (25.1) | 12 (30.8) |
| ≥1 | 96,552 (62.5) | 41,285 (60.4) | 4082 (72.2) | 409 (78.6) | 47,725 (62.7) | 3024 (74.9) | 27 (69.2) |
| Vitamin D (nmol/L), mean (SD) | 49.2 (20.8) | 48.8 (20.6) | 49.3 (20.4) | 50.4 (22.0) | 49.6 (21.0) | 48.7 (20.8) | 40.6 (25.7) |
| Using H2 blockers, n (%) | 2558 (1.7) | 1049 (1.5) | 135 (2.5) | 15 (2.9) | 1265 (1.7) | 93 (2.3) | 1 (2.6) |
| Using steroid, n (%) | 1420 (0.9) | 532 (0.8) | 79 (1.4) | 12 (2.3) | 722 (1.0) | 74 (1.8) | 1 (2.6) |
| Fractures in the last 5 years, n (%) | 13,317 (8.7) | 6059 (8.9) | 645 (11.9) | 70 (13.5) | 6163 (8.2) | 373 (9.3) | 7 (18.0) |
| Falls in the last year, n (%) | |||||||
| No falls | 128,081 (83.0) | 54,785 (80.3) | 3901 (72.0) | 373 (71.9) | 65,813 (86.6) | 3189 (79.3) | 20 (63.9) |
| Only one fall | 18,835 (12.2) | 9978 (14.6) | 987 (18.2) | 105 (20.2) | 7200 (9.5) | 553 (13.7) | 866 (14.0) |
| More than one fall | 7322 (4.8) | 3512 (5.1) | 528 (9.8) | 41 (7.9) | 2952 (3.9) | 282 (7.0) | 1368 (22.1) |
| Hypogonadism, n (%) | 356 (0.2) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | 328 (0.4) | 28 (0.7) | 39 (100) |
| Menopause, n (%) | 51,366 (69.1) | 46,110 (67.5) | 4753 (87.5) | 503 (96.7) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
MET, metabolic‐equivalent; n, number; PA, physical activity; SD, standard deviation; ‐, no data available.
*
Sarcopenia includes those with sarcopenia or severe sarcopenia.