Table 3.
Unadjusted and Adjusted Analysis of Associations Between Potential Predictors and Vaccine Hesitancy
| Variables | Vaccine Hesitancy | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n (%) 363 (36) | No n (%) 651 (64) | |||||
| Age, years | ||||||
| 18–30 | 135 (31) | 307 (69) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 31–40 | 108 (47) | 121 (53) | 2.03 (1.46, 2.82) | <0.001 | 1.74 (0.97, 3.09) | 0.059 |
| 41–50 | 63 (35) | 119 (65) | 1.20 (0.83, 1.74) | 0.321 | 1.39 (0.75, 2057) | 0.301 |
| 51–60 | 34 (35) | 63 (65) | 1.23 (0.77, 1.95) | 0.387 | 1.84 (0.85, 3.98) | 0.124 |
| >60 | 23 (37) | 39 (63) | 1.34 (0.77, 2.33) | 0.299 | 1.11 (0.35, 3.55) | 0.855 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 192 (40) | 286 (60) | 1.43 (1.11, 1.85) | 0.006 | 1.24 (0.83, 1.85) | 0.294 |
| Male | 171 (32) | 365 (68) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | 253 (37) | 424 (63) | 1.22 (0.93, 1.61) | 0.158 | 2.34 (1.54, 3.57) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 109 (33) | 223 (67) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Education level | ||||||
| Uneducated | 20 (65) | 11 (35) | 3.36 (1.58, 7.17) | 0.002 | 1.88 (0.55, 6.37) | 0.312 |
| Intermediate | 30 (33) | 62 (67) | 0.89 (0.56, 1.43) | 0.645 | 0.94 (0.47, 1.86) | 0.857 |
| Secondary | 16 (62) | 10 (38) | 2.96 (1.32, 6.65) | 0.009 | 2.69 (0.85, 8.49) | 0.091 |
| University | 187 (35) | 346 (65) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Higher education | 110 (33) | 222 (67) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.22) | 0.557 | 1.10 (0.69, 1.75) | 0.671 |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Employed | 164 (35) | 299 (65) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Unemployed | 31 (41) | 45 (59) | 1.26 (0.77, 2.06) | 0.367 | 1.13 (0.50, 2.53) | 0.776 |
| Housewife | 74 (47) | 85 (53) | 1.59 (1.10, 2.29) | 0.013 | 0.84 (0.43, 1.61) | 0.596 |
| Students | 94 (30) | 222 (70) | 0.77 (0.57, 1.05) | 0.099 | 0.82 (0.45, 1.49) | 0.513 |
| Monthly family income (USD) | ||||||
| <131 | 248 (37) | 415 (63) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 131–2083 | 73 (38) | 118 (62) | 1.04 (0.74, 1.44) | 0.838 | 0.99 (0.61, 1.64) | 0.987 |
| > 2083 | 35 (26) | 100 (74) | 0.59 (0.39, 0.89) | 0.012 | 0.62 (0.36, 1.05) | 0.076 |
| History of chronic diseases | ||||||
| None | 239 (37) | 408 (63) | Reference | Reference | ||
| One chronic diseases | 98 (35) | 181 (65) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.24) | 0.599 | 0.60 (0.39, 0.92) | 0.020 |
| ≥ two chronic diseases | 26 (30) | 62 (70) | 0.72 (0.44, 1.16) | 0.177 | 0.59 (0.28, 1.25) | 0.167 |
| Did you get COVID-19? | ||||||
| No | 294 (37) | 502 (63) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 67 (31) | 149 (69) | 0.77 (0.56, 1.06) | 0.108 | 1.03 (0.66, 1.60) | 0.908 |
| Did anyone in your contacts suffer from covid-19? | ||||||
| No | 190 (48) | 207 (52) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 173 (28) | 444 (72) | 0.42 (0.33, 0.55) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.39, 0.81) | 0.002 |
| Do you trust information given by Ministry of Health? | ||||||
| No | 154 (56) | 121 (44) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 208 (28) | 530 (72) | 0.31 (0.23, 0.41) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.41, 0.99) | 0.047 |
| Do you trust information given by physicians? | ||||||
| No | 86 (74) | 30 (26) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 275 (31) | 620 (69) | 0.15 (0.09, 0.24) | <0.001 | 0.27 (0.13, 0.53) | <0.001 |
| Do you trust information given by news channels? | ||||||
| No | 179 (40) | 267 (60) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 184 (32) | 384 (68) | 0.71 (0.55, 0.93) | 0.011 | 0.78 (0.52, 1.18) | 0.245 |
| Do you trust information given by social media? | ||||||
| No | 201 (34) | 388 (66) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 162 (38) | 263 (62) | 1.19 (0.92, 1.54) | 0.191 | 1.37 (0.92, 2.03) | 0.118 |
| Do you think that COVID-19 vaccine is safe? | ||||||
| Yes | 18 (7) | 257 (93) | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 345 (47) | 393 (53) | 12.5 (7.61, 20.6) | <0.001 | 3.29 (1.68, 6.44) | 0.001 |
| Do you think that COVID-19 vaccine is effective? | ||||||
| Yes | 24 (7) | 311 (93) | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 339 (50) | 340 (50) | 12.9 (8.3, 20.1) | <0.001 | 2.70 (1.50, 4.86) | 0.001 |
| Do you think that the best way to avoid hospitalization and death is by getting the vaccine? | ||||||
| Yes | 29 (7) | 380 (93) | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 334 (55) | 269 (45) | 16.3 (10.8, 24.5) | <0.001 | 6.39 (4.01, 10.22) | <0.001 |
| Do you think that greater public awareness is needed about COVID-19 vaccine? | ||||||
| Yes | 235 (29) | 589 (71) | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 128 (67) | 62 (33) | 5.17 (3.69, 7.26) | <0.001 | 2.02 (1.28, 3.14) | 0.003 |