Table 2.

The correlations between app and smartphone usage variables and age and between usage variables and the individual differences in tendencies toward smartphone use disorder (N=124).

App or device			Variables, Spearman ρ (P values)
			Age		Life disturbances		Positive anticipation		Withdrawal		CYa		Overuse		Tolerance		Total SASb score
Facebook			−0.06 (.53)		−0.01 (.96)		0.15 (.10)		0.14 (.12)		0.31 (<.001)		0.07 (.48)		−0.01 (.95)		0.14 (.11)
Image-based social networking apps			−0.36 (<.001)		0.31 (<.001)		0.29 (.001)		0.27 (.003)		0.40 (<.001)		0.28 (.002)		0.35 (.001)		0.40 (<.001)
	Snapchat	−0.33 (<.001)		0.23 (.009)		0.19 (.03)		0.23 (.009)		0.30 (<.001)		0.24 (.007)		0.25 (.006)		0.30 (.006)
	Instagram	−0.26 (.003)		0.26 (.003)		0.25 (.006)		0.18 (.049)		0.39 (<.001)		0.22 (.01)		0.30 (<.001)		0.33 (<.001)
Instant messaging apps			−0.26 (.004)		0.18 (.048)		0.33 (<.001)		0.24 (.007)		0.39 (<.001)		0.13 (.15)		0.20 (.03)		0.30 (<.001)
	Telegram	−0.03 (.72)		−0.08 (.37)		0.16 (.07)		−0.03 (.73)		0.13 (.14)		−0.01 (.95)		0.09 (.31)		0.03 (.72)
	WhatsApp	−0.24 (.006)		0.15 (.10)		0.28 (.002)		0.21 (.02)		0.36 (<.001)		0.09 (.33)		0.16 (.08)		0.26 (.003)
	Messenger	−0.11 (.21)		0.12 (.17)		0.23 (.009)		0.25 (.005)		0.33 (<.001)		0.21 (.02)		0.15 (.10)		0.26 (.004)
Smartphone use			−0.30 (<.001)		0.23 (.01)		0.38 (<.001)		0.30 (<.001)		0.44 (<.001)		0.20 (.03)		0.23 (.01)		0.38 (<.001)

^aCY: cyberspace-oriented relationship.

^bSAS: Smartphone Addiction Scale.