Table 1.

Some definitions of NATIVE SPEAKER.

Source	Definition of NATIVE SPEAKER	Facet(s) of language experience represented
Stern, 1983	“Native speakers have (a) a subconscious knowledge of rules, (b) an intuitive grasp of meanings, (c) the ability to communicate within social settings, (d) a range of language skills, and (e) creativity of language use.” (154)	Proficiency
Abrahamsson and Hyltenstam, 2009	A native speaker “(a) has spoken only Swedish at home during childhood; (b) has had Swedish as the only language of instruction at school; and (c) has lived his or her whole life in a context in which Swedish has been the majority language” (264)	History
Debenport, 2011	Speakerhood-as-identity: “Tribal members who play significant religious or political roles are more likely to be counted by San Antonians as ‘speakers’” (90)	Identity
Benmamoun et al., 2013	“A prototypical (educated) native speaker lives in a monolingual environment, or in a bilingual environment in which his/her original native language has not undergone attrition. Such a prototypical speaker is expected to have “native” pronunciation and a sizable, comprehensive vocabulary (about 20,000 words)” (130)	History and Proficiency
Rothman and Treffers-Daller, 2014	“A native language is one that is acquired from naturalistic exposure, in early childhood and in an authentic social context/speech community” (95) “Native speaker (i) bi-/multilinguals have multiple native languages; and (ii) nativeness can be applicable to a state of linguistic knowledge that is characterized by significant differences to the monolingual baseline.”	History