Table 2. Overview of Three-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Separation Systemsa.
| application | 1D (type, dimensions L (m) × i.d. (μm), film thickness, df (μm)) | mode 1 | 2D (type, dimensions L (m) × i.d. (μm), film thickness, df (μm)) | mode 2 | 3D (type, dimensions L (m) × i.d. (μm), film thickness, df (μm)) | detection | peak capacity | remarks | ref | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| petroleum | |||||||||||
| mixture of dodecane, tridecane, and tetra-decane | nonpolar (dimethylpolysiloxane, 0.2 m × 100 μm i.d., df 3.5 μm) | × | TM | medium-polar (14% cyanopropyl-phenyl-methyl polysiloxane, 3 m × 100 μm i.d., df 0.2 μm) | × | TM | medium-polar (50% phenyl-polysilphenylene-siloxane, 0.5 m × 100 μm i.d., df 0.1 μm) | FID | – | first 3D-GC system developed | (33) |
| mixture of hydrocarbons | nonpolar (5% phenyl-methyl polysiloxane, 25 m × 530 μm i.d., df 5 μm) | × | DV | medium-polar (trifluoropropyl-methyl polysiloxane, 5 m × 250 μm i.d., df 1 μm) | × | DV | polar (poly-(ethylene glycol), 0.55 m/1 m × 100 μm i.d., df 0.1 μm) | FID | 3500 | usage of PARAFAC algorithm | (17) |
| diesel sample | nonpolar (5% phenyl-methyl polysiloxane, 30 m × 250 μm i.d., df 5 μm) | × | DV | highly polar (1,9-di(3-vinyl imidazolium) nonane bis [(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl]imidate, 4 m × 100 μm i.d., df 0.08 μm) | × | DV | polar (poly-(ethylene glycol), 1 m × 100 μm i.d, df 0.1 μm) | FID | (18) | ||
| volatile organic compounds (VOCs) | medium-polar (5% diphenyl, 95% dimethylpolysiloxane, 0.8 m × 250 μm i.d.) | × | PV | nonpolar (dimethyl polysiloxane, 1 m × 250 μm i.d.) | × | PV | polar (dimethyl polysiloxane, 1 m × 250 μm i.d.) | vapor detector | – | (34) | |
| 115-component test mixture and spiked diesel | medium-polar (5% phenyl-methyl polysiloxane, 30 m × 250 μm i.d., df0.50 μm) | × | (HT)-DV | polar (poly(ethylene glycol), 3.5 m × 180 μm i.d., df0.18 μm) | × | TM | medium-polar (trifluoropropyl-methyl polysiloxane, 1 m × 100 μm i.d., df0.1 μm) | ToF-MS | 5000–9600 | (35) | |
| 115-component test mixture and spiked diesel | medium-polar ((5% phenyl)-methyl polysiloxane, 30 m × 250 μm i.d., df0.50 μm) | × | (HT)-DV | polar (polyethylene glycol, 3.5 m × 180 μm i.d., df0.18 μm) | × | TM | medium-polar (trifluoropropyl-methyl polysiloxane, 1 m × 100 μm i.d., df0.1 μm) | ToF-MS | – | improvement on PARAFAC algorithm | (19) |
| E and Z isomers of oximes | chiral (diethyl-tertbutylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin, 25 m × 250 μm i.d., df0.25 μm) | – | CT | highly polar (1,5-di (2,3-dimethyl imidazolium) pentanebis (trifluoro-methane sulfonyl) imide, 1.8 m × 100 μm i.d., df0.10 μm) | – | DS | nonpolar ((5% phenyl)-methyl polysiloxane, 30 m × 250 μm i.d., df0.25 μm) | QToF-MS | – | (36) | |
| 115-component test mixture and spiked diesel | medium-polar (50% phenyl/50% methylpolysiloxane, 20 m × 180 μm i.d., df 0.18 μm) | × | (HT)-DV | nonpolar (poly(5% diphenyl/95% dimethyl siloxane, 6 m × 100 μm i.d., df0.10 μm) | × | PFV | highly polar (polyethylene glycol, 1 m × 100 μm i.d., df0.10 μm) | FID | ∼10000 | total analysis time of 11 min was achieved | (20) |
| 115-component test mixture | medium-polar (5% phenyl/95% dimethylpolysiloxane, 40 m × 180 μm i.d., df0.40 μm) | × | (HT)-DV | nonpolar (50% phenyl/50% dimethylpolysiloxane, 3 m × 100 μm i.d., df0.10 μm) | × | PV | highly polar (polyethylene glycol, 0.5 m × 100 μm i.d., df0.10 μm) | FID | 30600 | optimization of the 3D-GC system by manipulation the ratio of the phase volume | (37) |
| mixture of hydrocarbons | nonpolar (5% phenyl-methylpoly siloxane, 40 m × 180 μm i.d., df0.18 μm) | × | TM | medium-polar (trifluoropropylmethyl polysiloxane, 2.5 m × 180 μm i.d., df0.18 μm) | × | PFV | polar (polyethylene glycol, 1.0 m × 180 μm i.d., df0.18 μm) | TOF-MS | 35000 | pulse flow valve modulation was performed in a negative mode | (16) |
| natural products | |||||||||||
| algae-derived fuel oils | polar (polyethylene glycol in sol–gel matrix, 30 m × 320 μm i.d., df0.5 μm) | × | CT | medium-polar (5% phenylmethyl polysiloxane, 5 m × 150 μm i.d., df0.15 μm) | – | DS | medium-polar (50% phenyl/50% dimethyl polysiloxane, 20 m × 180 μm i.d., df0.18 μm) | FID | 3600 | (38) | |
| essential oil (Clausena lansium Skeels plant) | nonpolar(poly(5% diphenyl/95% dimethylsiloxane), 30 m × 530 μm i.d., df5.0 μm) | × | DS | polar (polyethyleneglycol 30 m × 530 μm i.d., df2.0 μm) | × | DS | polar (1,12-di (tripropyl phosphonium) dodecane bis(trifluoromethanesulf-only) imide, 30 m × 530 μm i.d., df0.85 μm) | 3 FIDs | – | three GC-instruments coupled together | (39) |
| essential oils (Agarwood) | nonpolar ((5%-phenyl)-methyl polysiloxane, 30 m × 250 μm i.d., df0.25 μm) | – | CT | polar (polyethyleneglycol 30 m × 250 μm i.d., df0.25 μm) | × | DS | polar (1,12-di (tripropyl phosphonium) dodecane bis(trifluoromethanesulf-onyl) imide, 1.4 m × 100 μm i.d., df0.08 μm) | QToF-MS | 5000 | (40) | |
| allergens | nonpolar ((5%-phenyl)-methyl polysiloxane, 30 m × 250 μm i.d., df0.25 μm) | × | TD | polar (1,12-Di (tripropyl-phosphonium) dodecane bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide trifluoro-methanesulfonate, 1 m × 100 μm i.d., df0.08 μm) | × | DF | highly polar (polyethylene glycol, 3.0 m × 200 μm i.d., df0.10 μm) | FID | 9821 | PARAFAC algorithm | (16) |
a
The couplings are × = comprehensive, – = heart-cut. The modulation types are PV = 3/6-port valves, TM = thermal modulation, (HT)-DV = (high-temperature)-diaphragm valves, CT = crygonic trapping, DS = dean switch, PFV = pulse-flow valve, TD = thermal desorption modulator, DF = differential-flow modulator, FID = flame-ionization detector, QTOF-MS = quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer.