Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics, Psychological Status, Substance Use, and Smoking Profile Among People Living with HIV Who Are Current Smokersa Compared to People Without HIV (NHANES 1999–2016)b
| Characteristics | Overall (N = 26 457) | People with HIV (N = 152) | People without HIV (N = 26 305) | p-valuec | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | 95% CI | N | % | 95% CI | N | % | 95% CI | ||
| All | 6740 | 25.6 | 24.6 to 26.6 | 71 | 47.0 | 35.4 to 58.6 | 6669 | 25.5 | 24.5 to 26.5 | <.0001 |
| Age (years) | .003 | |||||||||
| 20–29 | 2009 | 30.9 | 29.4 to 32.3 | 8 | 8.4J | 1.5 to 15.2 | 2001 | 31.1 | 29.6 to 32.5 | |
| 30–39 | 1949 | 29.1 | 27.5 to 30.6 | 18 | 26.5J | 10.5 to 42.5 | 1931 | 29.1 | 27.5 to 30.6 | |
| 40–49 | 1974 | 29.2 | 27.8 to 30.5 | 29 | 41.9 | 25.6 to 58.2 | 1945 | 29.0 | 27.6 to 30.4 | |
| 50–59 | 808 | 10.9 | 9.7 to 12.1 | 16 | 23.3J | 8.7 to 37.8 | 792 | 10.8 | 9.7 to 12.0 | |
| Gender | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Male | 3788 | 54.7 | 53.4 to 56.4 | 52 | 80.7 | 70.8 to 90.7 | 3736 | 54.5 | 53.2 to 55.8 | |
| Female | 2952 | 45.3 | 44.0 to 46.6 | 19 | 19.3 | 9.3 to 29.2 | 2933 | 45.5 | 44.1 to 46.8 | |
| Sexual orientation | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Heterosexual | 5015 | 92.0 | 91.1 to 92.8 | 23 | 35.6 | 18.0 to 53.2 | 4992 | 92.4 | 91.6 to 93.2 | |
| Homosexual | 121 | 2.5 | 1.9 to 3.2 | 19 | 46.2 | 27.4 to 65.1 | 102 | 2.2 | 1.7 to 2.7 | |
| Bisexual | 249 | 4.1 | 3.5 to 4.7 | 8 | 14.6J | 1.8 to 27.4 | 241 | 4.1 | 3.5 to 4.7 | |
| Others/Don't know | 103 | 1.4 | 1.1 to 1.6 | 2 | 3.6 | 0.0 to 8.7 | 101 | 1.3 | 1.1 to 1.6 | |
| Race/Ethnicity | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 3354 | 73.3 | 70.7 to 75.8 | 14 | 42.9 | 26.3 to 59.5 | 3340 | 73.5 | 71.0 to 76.1 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1540 | 13.5 | 11.9 to 15.0 | 47 | 47.4 | 33.0 to 61.8 | 1493 | 13.2 | 11.6 to 14.7 | |
| Hispanic | 1391 | 13.3 | 11.4 to 15.2 | 10 | 9.7 | 4.0 to 15.4 | 1381 | 13.3 | 11.4 to 15.2 | |
| Education | .125 | |||||||||
| High school or less | 4194 | 57.3 | 55.5, 59.2 | 37 | 44.9 | 28.4 to 61.3 | 4157 | 57.5 | 55.6 to 59.3 | |
| Some college or more | 2543 | 42.7 | 40.8, 44.5 | 34 | 55.1 | 38.7 to 71.6 | 2509 | 42.5 | 40.7 to 44.4 | |
| Marital status | .056 | |||||||||
| Married/Living with partner | 3498 | 54.6 | 52.8 to 56.3 | 27 | 43.3 | 27.2 to 59.5 | 3471 | 54.7 | 52.9 to 56.5 | |
| Divorced/Widowed/Separated | 1248 | 18.0 | 16.7 to 19.3 | 8 | 12.0J | 2.06 to 21.9 | 1240 | 18.1 | 16.8 to 19.3 | |
| Never married | 1934 | 27.4 | 25.7 to 29.1 | 34 | 44.7 | 28.0 to 61.4 | 1900 | 27.3 | 25.6 to 28.9 | |
| Family poverty index ratio (PIR)d | .284 | |||||||||
| <Poverty level (PIR < 1) | 2089 | 25.0 | 23.3 to 26.8 | 30 | 31.9 | 18.2 to 45.7 | 2059 | 25.0 | 23.2 to 26.7 | |
| ≥Poverty level (PIR ≥ 1) | 4158 | 75.0 | 73.2 to 76.7 | 36 | 68.1 | 54.3 to 81.8 | 4122 | 75.0 | 73.3 to 76.8 | |
| Employment | .008 | |||||||||
| Yes | 4401 | 70.3 | 68.7 to 71.9 | 27 | 50.0 | 33.3 to 66.8 | 4374 | 70.5 | 68.9 to 72.1 | |
| No | 2334 | 29.7 | 28.1 to 31.3 | 44 | 50.0 | 33.2 to 66.7 | 2290 | 29.5 | 27.9 to 31.1 | |
| Health care insurance | .058 | |||||||||
| Yes | 4089 | 65.4 | 63.9 to 70.0 | 53 | 77.0 | 66.1 to 87.9 | 4036 | 65.3 | 63.8 to 66.9 | |
| No | 2619 | 34.6 | 33.0 to 36.1 | 18 | 23.0 | 12.1 to 33.9 | 2601 | 34.7 | 33.1 to 36.2 | |
| Have been heavy alcohol usere | 1715 | 29.0 | 27.5 to 30.5 | 20 | 34.4 | 16.8 to 51.9 | 1695 | 28.9 | 27.4 to 30.4 | .528 |
| Have depressionf | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Score 1–4 Minimal depression | 2710 | 64.9 | 63 to 66.8 | 19 | 38.7 | 19.9 to 57.4 | 2691 | 65.1 | 63.2 to 67 | |
| Score 5–9 Mild depression | 856 | 19.8 | 18.4 to 21.1 | 15 | 51.2 | 30.2 to 72.1 | 841 | 19.5 | 18.2 to 20.8 | |
| Score 10–14 Moderate depression | 429 | 9.6 | 8.5 to 10.8 | 4 | 6.0J | 0 to 12.5 | 425 | 9.7 | 8.5 to 10.8 | |
| Score 15–19 Moderately severe | 181 | 3.9 | 3.1 to 4.6 | 2 | 2.7J | 0 to 6.6 | 179 | 3.7 | 3.1 to 4.6 | |
| Score 20–27 Severe depression | 95 | 1.8 | 1.4 to 2.2 | 1 | 1.5J | 0 to 4.3 | 94 | 1.8 | 1.4 to 2.3 | |
| Have poor mental healthg | 751 | 33.6 | 31.5 to 35.8 | 8 | 26.7J | 3.9 to 49.4 | 743 | 33.7 | 31.5 to 35.9 | .573 |
| Used marijuana or hashishh | 3388 | 83.8 | 82.5 to 85.2 | 33 | 89.1 | 79.5 to 98.8 | 3355 | 83.8 | 82.4 to 85.1 | .352 |
| Used cocaine, heroin, or methamphetaminesh | 1556 | 39.0 | 36.6 to 41.4 | 22 | 54.2 | 35.4 to 73.0 | 1534 | 38.9 | 36.4 to 41.3 | .099 |
| Used injection drugsh | 243 | 6.34 | 5.3 to 7.4 | 2 | 2.8J | 0.0 to 6.9 | 241 | 6.4 | 5.3 to 7.4 | .245 |
| Smoking pattern | .5187 | |||||||||
| Smoke cigarette every day | 5384 | 81.4 | 80.1 to 82.7 | 58 | 84.9 | 75.0 to 94.5 | 5326 | 81.4 | 80.1 to 82.7 | |
| Smoke cigarette some daysh | 1356 | 18.6 | 17.3 to 19.9 | 13 | 15.1J | 5.2 to 25.0 | 1343 | 18.6 | 17.3 to 19.9 | |
| Tried to quit smoking for 1+ day in the past 12 months (yes)I | 814 | 49.9 | 46.6 to 53.2 | 12 | 71.0J | 50.4 to 91.7 | 802 | 49.7 | 46.4 to 53.0 | .0662 |
| Mean [SD] | Mean [SD] | Mean [SD] | ||||||||
| Number of times stopped smoking for 1+ day in the past 12 months | 870 | — | 6.6 [1.62] | 12 | — | 1.8 [0.39] | 802 | — | 5.7 [1.44] | .0082 |
| Age when started smoking regularly | 13452 | — | 18.0 [0.27] | 92 | — | 17.9 [0.70] | 10981 | — | 17.8 [0.27] | .7860 |
| Number of cigarettes smoked per day | 4815 | — | 18.5 [1.00] | 15 | — | 9.9 [3.90] | 3755 | — | 18.2 [1.25] | .0482 |
aSelf-report of smoking cigarettes every day or someday in the last 30 days; bn is unweighted but % and 95% CI are weighted with NHANES survey design weights; cBased on chi-square test or t test; dLiving at or above (PIR ≥ 1) or below the poverty threshold (PIR < 1); e5+ (males) or 4+ (females) drink/day, every day, at any point in past; fBased on the Patients Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9); g Self-reported, ≥15 days of poor mental health past 30 days; hEver use; IDuring the past 12 months, have you stopped smoking for one day or longer because you were trying to quit?; JThe relative standard error (RSE) is 30% or more and may be subject to high sampling error.