Table 4.
Neurovisual and developmental profile of the CVI subgroup at T 0 and T 1
| Primary outcomes | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVI treatment subgroup (15) | T 1 vs T 0 | CVI comparison subgroup (15) | T 1 vs T 0 | Treatment vs comparison group at T 0 | Δ time treatment vs comparison group | |||
| T 0 | T 1 |
Δ (95% CI) p |
T 0 | T 1 |
Δ (95% CI) p |
Δ (95% CI) p |
ΔΔ (95% CI) p |
|
| Visual acuity (cycles per degree) | 2.88 (2.02–3.73) | 6.01 (4.81–7.20) |
3.13 (2.19–4.07) <0.01 |
3.24 (2.00–4.47) | 4.43 (3.35–5.51) |
1.19 (0.29–2.09) <0.01 |
−0.36 (−1.87 to 1.14) 0.637 |
1.94 (0.64–3.24) <0.01 |
| Contrast sensitivity a (%) | 11.10 (4.79–25.71) | 2.81 (1.31–6.03) |
0.25 (0.11–0.59) <0.01 |
9.97 (4.23–23.51) | 4.62 (1.86–11.46) |
0.46 (0.24–0.90) 0.023 |
1.11 (0.34–3.70) 0.86 |
0.55 (0.19–1.60) 0.268 |
| Visual fixation b | 1.90 (1.63–2.18) | 1.04 (0.90–1.18) |
−0.86 (−1.11 to −0.61) <0.01 |
1.84 (1.41–2.27) | 1.19 (0.71–1.67) |
−0.65 (−1.09 to −0.21) 0.07 |
0.07 (−0.43 to 0.56) 0.789 |
−0.21 (−0.66 to 0.23) 0.350 |
| Smooth pursuit c | 2.01 (1.95–2.08) | 1.28 (0.71–1.85) |
−0.74 (−1.26 to −0.21) <0.01 |
2.00 (1.94–2.05) | 1.78 (1.28–2.27) |
−0.22 (−0.69 to 0.24) 0.346 |
0.02 (−0.07 to 0.10) 0.734 |
−0.51 (−1.22 to 0.19) 0.151 |
| Saccades d | 3.67 (2.96–4.37) | 2.33 (1.49–3.17) |
−1.33 (−2.43 to −0.23) 0.017 |
3.40 (2.64–4.16) | 3.13 (2.35–3.91) |
−0.27 (−1.35 to 0.82) 0.631 |
0.27 (−0.77 to 1.30) 0.614 |
−1.07 (−2.61 to 0.48) 0.176 |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T 0 | T 1 |
Δ (95% CI) p |
T 0 | T 1 |
Δ (95% CI) p |
Δ (95% CI) p |
ΔΔ (95% CI) p |
|
| Developmental quotient GMDS (SS) | 79.80 (64.75–94.85) | 82.77 (65.61–99.93) |
2.97 (−3.01 to 8.95) 0.327 |
85.22 (68.02–102.41) | 75.79 (59.03–92.55) |
−9.43 (−14.03 to −4.82) <0.01 |
−5.41 (−27.73 to 16.90) 0.631 |
12.39 (4.90–19.89) <0.01 |
| Motor | 72.73 (54.02–91.44) | 74.39 (56.53–92.25) |
1.66 (−9.60 to 12.91) 0.771 |
79.33 (60.37–98.30) | 71.14 (51.01–91.28) |
−8.19 (−17.92 to 1.55) 0.098 |
−6.60 (−32.59 to 19.39) 0.616 |
9.84 (−5.01 to 24.70) 0.192 |
| Personal–social | 85.48 (67.57–103.39) | 84.48 (64.54–104.42) |
−1.00 (−6.50 to 4.50) 0.719 |
82.94 (65.40–100.47) | 76.81 (57.66–95.96) |
−6.13 (−14.50 to 2.24) 0.149 |
2.54 (−22.03 to 27.12) 0.838 |
5.13 (−4.88 to 15.14) 0.312 |
| Language | 85.37 (68.66–102.08) | 83.66 (66.30–101.01) |
−1.71 (−11.82 to 8.39) 0.737 |
92.94 (73.04–112.83) | 75.28 (54.86–95.70) |
−17.66 (−29.01 to −6.31) <0.01 |
−7.57 (−33.00 to 17.87) 0.556 |
15.94 (0.88–31.01) 0.038 |
| H–E GMDS (SS) | 73.56 (57.03–90.09) | 81.11 (64.08–98.14) |
7.55 (0.54–14.56) 0.035 |
83.42 (66.24–100.60) | 75.42 (57.73–93.11) |
−8.00 (−15.87 to −0.13) 0.046 |
−9.86 (−32.99 to 13.27) 0.400 |
15.55 (5.05–26.04) <0.01 |
| Performance GMDS (SS) | 78.51 (62.47–94.56) | 85.53 (66.92–104.13) |
7.01 (0.47–13.56) 0.036 |
82.80 (65.95–99.64) | 78.03 (59.90–96.15) |
−4.77 (−12.62 to 3.08) 0.231 |
−4.28 (−26.68 to 18.11) 0.705 |
11.78 (1.55–22.01) 0.024 |
Bold type indicates statistically significant p‐values. Data are mean (95% CI), unless otherwise indicated.
Contrast sensitivity was analysed on a log scale and therefore the effect is reported as a ratio.
Visual fixation was categorized in ordinal scores: 1, stable; 2, mildly impaired; 3, severely impaired.
Smooth pursuit was categorized in ordinal scores: 1, present; 2, mildly impaired; 3, severely impaired.
Reactive saccades were categorized in ordinal scores: 1, present; 2, normometric with increased latency; 3, dysmetric but with normal latency; 4, dysmetric with increased latency; 5, absent. CVI, cerebral visual impairment; T 0, developmental quotient at baseline; T 1, developmental quotient after 6mo; Δ, change; CI, confidence interval; ΔΔ, interaction estimate, that is (T1 vs T0)treatment–(T1 vs T0); GMDS, Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales; SS, standard scores; H–E, hand–eye coordination.