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Soil sampling techniques using (a) a metallic frame (0.25 × 0.25 × 0.15 m); (b) a manual core or (c, d) mechanised augers. (e) Monolith excavation provides a large volume of soil, which increases the accuracy of root biomass estimates; (f) manual coring provides small cores usually sampled in successive steps of 10–20 cm depth with a 5–10 cm diameter core; (g) mechanised augers allow deep coring in harsh soils. Image courtesy of C. Roumet (a, b, c, f), M. Zhun (e), F. Khalfallah (g).
