Fig. 25.

(a) Roots of Molinia caerulea colonised by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (species unknown) with visible hyphae; and (b) arbuscules and vesicules; captures with stereomicroscope (×3–5 magnification). (c) Wheat roots (Triticum aestivum L.) colonised by AM fungi Rhizophagus irregularis with visible hyphae, arbuscules and vesicules; and (d) spores and extraradical (i.e. outside of roots) mycelium of Rhizophagus irregularis. Note that vesicules (c) are very similar to fungal spores, but the latter can be distinguished because they are typically round and not connected to the hyphal network. Images courtesy of M. Bakker (a, b, stereomicroscope, ×3–5 magnification); and M. Rebeca Cosme (c, d, compound microscope, ×200 magnification).