Table 2.

Anti-cancer activities of ginsenosides in several cancers

Cancer	Cell types	Ginsenosides	Outcomes	Mechanisms	Refs.
Gastrointestinal cancer	C26	Rb1	Amelioration of the inflammatory	Ameliorating expression of TNF-α and IL-6	[46]
	SW480, HT29, HCT116, Caco-2	Rg3	Inhibition of proliferation and growth, migration and invasion, induction of apoptosis	Inhibition of Wnt/ß-catenin/C/EBPβ/NF-κB signalling, decreasing the expressions of lncRNA CCAT1	[18, 47, 48]
	HCT116, HT-29	CK	Induction of autophagy and apoptosis	Activation of JNK and generation of ROX, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, modulation of mitochondria-dependent and MAPK pathway	[49–51]
	HCT116, SW620,HCT-8, LoVo	Rh2	Induction of viability, proliferation and migration	Decreasing expressions of IL-6-induced signal transducer, STAT3, MMPs, MRP1, MDR1, LRP and GST	[52, 53]
	AGS	Re	Inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis	Inducing S phase arrest via upregulating of p21, activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3	[54]
	SW620	Rh1	Inhibition of proliferation, migration and invasion	Activation of MAPK signaling, decreasing expressions of MMP1and MMP3, and increasing expressions of TIMP3	[55]
	BGC-823, AGS	Rg5	Inhibition of proliferation and migration	Inducing G2/M phase arrest, autophagy and apoptosis via regulating MAPK signalling	[56]
Breast cancer	MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453, BT-549	Rg3	Induction apoptosis	Inhibiting NF-κB signaling, regulating Bax/Bcl-2 expression	[29, 57]
	MCF-7	Rh2	Inhibition of proliferation	Inducing G1-S phase arrest by knockdown of p15Ink4B and p27Kip1	[58, 59]
	MCF-7	Rg5	Induction of apoptosis and autophagy	Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway	[60, 61]
Lung cancer	NCI-H1650, H520, H1963	Rg3	Induction apoptosis	Inhibition of Notch/HES1 pathway	[57]
	A549	Rh2	Induction of proliferation and invasion	Inhibition of Wnt and hedgehog signaling	[62]
	HeLa, A549	Rg5	Induction of migration	Inhibited NF-κB signaling, attenuating expression of EphA2	[63]
Melanoma	B16-F10 melanoma	Rh2	Enhancing immune regulation	Enhanced CD4+ and CD8a+ T-lymphocytes infiltration	[64]