Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants with PD conversion.
| PD free (n = 1,081) |
PD conversion (n = 482) |
P -value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 66.0 (7.9) | 66.9 (7.5) | 0.016 |
| Male, n (%) | 539 (49.9) | 244 (50.6) | 0.781 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 24.2 (3.7) | 24.5 (3.6) | 0.066 |
| Lower educational level (<6 y), n (%) | 369 (34.1) | 161 (33.4) | 0.778 |
| Family history of PD | 93 (8.6) | 47 (9.8) | 0.463 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never smoking n (%) | 442 (40.9) | 211 (43.8) | 0.285 |
| Past smoking n (%) | 235 (21.7) | 118 (24.5) | 0.231 |
| Current smoking n (%) | 404 (37.4) | 153 (31.7) | 0.032 |
| Drinking status | |||
| Occasional drinking n (%) | 398 (36.8) | 164 (34.0) | 0.288 |
| Monthly drinking n (%) | 183 (16.9) | 79 (16.4) | 0.792 |
| Weekly drinking n (%) | 159 (14.7) | 61 (12.7) | 0.281 |
| Daily drinking n (%) | 341 (31.5) | 178 (36.9) | 0.037 |
| WMHs, n (%) | 371 (34.3) | 195 (40.5) | 0.020 |
| Lacunar infarction/TIA | 294 (27.2) | 152 (31.5) | 0.079 |
| Coronary heart disease | 265 (24.5) | 139 (28.8) | 0.071 |
| COPD | 138 (12.8) | 76 (15.8) | 0.111 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 372 (34.4) | 148 (30.7) | 0.151 |
| Carotid arterial stenosis (≥50%), n (%) | 226 (20.9) | 117 (24.3) | 0.137 |
| Systolic BP, mean (SD), mmHg | 142.5 (13.7) | 143.9 (14.2) | 0.069 |
| Diastolic BP, mean (SD), mmHg | 90.6 (6.3) | 91.3 (6.8) | 0.055 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mean (SD), mmol/l | 5.7 (1.7) | 6.0 (2.4) | 0.013 |
| Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mean (SD), mmol/l | 4.3 (2.6) | 4.5 (2.7) | 0.086 |
| Triglycerides mean, mean (SD), mean (SD), mmol/l | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.2) | 0.060 |
| LDL-C, mean (SD), mean (SD), mmol/l | 2.6 (1.6) | 2.7 (1.5) | 0.117 |
| HDL-C, mean (SD), mean (SD), mmol/l | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.1) | 0.054 |
| MetS, n (%) | 278 (25.7) | 181 (37.6) | <0.001 |
| Each component of MetS | |||
| Central obesity, n (%) | 382 (35.3) | 175 (36.2) | 0.775 |
| High blood pressure, n (%) | 430 (39.8) | 217 (45.0) | 0.052 |
| High fasting plasma glucose, n (%) | 409 (37.8) | 214 (44.4) | 0.014 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia, n (%) | 376 (34.8) | 190 (39.4) | 0.073 |
| Low HDL-C, n (%) | 338 (31.3) | 169 (35.1) | 0.139 |
| Number of MetS components, n (%) | |||
| 0 | 328 (30.3) | 114 (23.7) | 0.007 |
| 1 | 277 (25.6) | 101 (20.9) | 0.046 |
| 2 | 198 (18.3) | 86 (17.8) | 0.822 |
| 3 | 151 (14.0) | 89 (18.5) | 0.023 |
| 4-5 | 127 (11.7) | 92 (19.1) | <0.001 |
| UPDRS part III score, mean (SD) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.7 (1.3) | 0.075 |
| MMSE, mean (SD) | 27.1 (3.8) | 27.4 (3.5) | 0.064 |
| ADL, mean (SD) | 64.4 (8.1) | 63.8 (7.9) | 0.085 |
ADL, Activities of Daily Living; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; PD, Parkinson's disease; SD, standard deviation; TIA: Transient ischemic attack; WMHs, white matter hyperintensities. The meaning of grey value P < 0.05.