Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics and Kruskal-Wallis Tests results for emotional state, coping and COVID-19-scales, N = 4289
| Scales | Italy (n = 1226) |
Austria (n = 2359) |
Germany (n = 704) |
p | χ2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STAI State Anxiety | M | 49.54 | 43.45 | 44.50 | < .001 | 407.56 |
| MD | 50 | 42 | 43 | |||
| SD | 3.91 | 11.90 | 12.15 | |||
| PANAS Negative Affect | M | 26.72 | 19.88 | 21.35 | < .001 | 883.94 |
| MD | 27 | 19 | 20.5 | |||
| SD | 5.28 | 6.25 | 6.62 | |||
| SVF78 Positive Stress Behavior | M | 12.47 | 18.91 | 18.95 | < .001 | 2367.44 |
| MD | 12.57 | 19 | 19.07 | |||
| SD | 1.21 | 2.87 | 2.82 | |||
| SVF78 Negative Stress Behavior | M | 12.93 | 16.37 | 16.32 | < .001 | 643.24 |
| MD | 13 | 16.25 | 16 | |||
| SD | 1.80 | 4.57 | 4.70 | |||
| Concerns related to COVID-19 | M | 27.61 | 25.22 | 26.15 | < .001 | 175.28 |
| MD | 27 | 25 | 26 | |||
| SD | 3.39 | 5.67 | 5.79 | |||
| Subsale: Concerns about health | M | 3.05 | 2.04 | 2.17 | < .001 | 445.58 |
| MD | 3 | 2 | 2 | |||
| SD | 1.43 | .91 | 3.05 | |||
| Subscale: Concerns about financial problems | M | 3.91 | 2.12 | 2.17 | < .001 | 1346.57 |
| MD | 4 | 2 | 2 | |||
| SD | 1.06 | 1.14 | 1.19 | |||
| Subscale: Concerns about the economic impact | M | 3.69 | 3.22 | 3.36 | < .001 | 151.34 |
| MD | 4 | 3 | 3 | |||
| SD | 1.23 | 1.16 | 1.16 | |||
| Perceived Severity of COVID-19 | M | 8.65 | 8.06 | 8.00 | < .001 | 151.95 |
| MD | 9 | 8 | 9 | |||
| SD | 1.31 | 1.47 | 1.57 | |||
| Perceived Risk of Disease | M | 8.22 | 8.59 | 9.18 | < .001 | 72.28 |
| MD | 8 | 8 | 9 | |||
| SD | 2.24 | 2.36 | 2.33 | |||
| Emergency measure acceptance | M | 69.50 | 70.43 | 67.99 | < .001 | 205.17 |
| MD | 71 | 73 | 71 | |||
| SD | 4.72 | 6.43 | 8.29 | |||
| Emotional distress due to emergency measures | M | 21.63 | 13.86 | 15.46 | < .001 | 1352.07 |
| MD | 20 | 12 | 13 | |||
| SD | 6.60 | 4.94 | 6.68 | |||
| App-Usage | M | 1.06 | .34 | .27 | < .001 | 1324.43 |
| MD | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
| SD | .65 | .64 | .62 |