. 2021 Jul 28;69(10):2973–2984. doi: 10.1111/jgs.17375

TABLE 3.

Risk ratios and rate ratios with 95% confidence interval (CI), P‐scores, and Confidence in Network Meta‐Analysis (CINeMA) confidence ratings for the interventions with a statistically significant association

Intervention	Studies (N)	Participants (N)	Effect size (95% CI)	P‐score	CINeMA all domains	CINeMA four domains ^c
Number of fallers^a
assist+brisk	1	96	0.52 (0.30–0.90)	0.89	Low	High
assist+qualt	3	366	0.58 (0.41–0.81)	0.89	Low	High
vibr	3	798	0.61 (0.42–0.89)	0.86	Low	High
envir+assist+qualt+hypot+brisk	1	397	0.62 (0.43–0.88)	0.86	Low	Moderate ^d
exerc+envir+qualt	3	3646	0.74 (0.57–0.97)	0.75	Low	High
exerc+assist	3	1338	0.77 (0.62–0.95)	0.73	Low	High
exerc	56	14,825	0.83 (0.77–0.90)	0.65	Low	High
qualt+brisk	10	9230	0.84 (0.73–0.96)	0.62	Low	High
exerc+envir+assist+qualt+brisk	5	5391	0.85 (0.74–0.98)	0.60	Low	High
exerc+qualt	30	8064	0.87 (0.80–0.96)	0.56	Low	High
qualt	50	22,374	0.90 (0.83–0.99)	0.49	Low	High
qualt	5	12,904	0.90 (0.83–0.98)	0.49	Low	High
exerc+incont+envir+assist+qualt+brisk	1	552	1.58 (1.01–2.48)	0.05	Low	High
Number of repeated fallers^a
vibr	1	710	0.33 (0.12–0.91)	0.94	Low	High
exerc+assist	1	1107	0.48 (0.25–0.93)	0.88	Low	High
exerc	19	5590	0.71 (0.53–0.95)	0.71	Low	Moderate ^e
Falls rate^b
envir+assist+qualt+hypot+brisk	1	397	0.42 (0.30–0.58)	0.99	ΝΑ	ΝΑ
exerc+assist	2	1188	0.68 (0.54–0.86)	0.85	ΝΑ	ΝΑ
exerc+med	2	616	0.68 (0.47–0.98)	0.81	ΝΑ	ΝΑ
exerc+envir+assist+hypot+brisk	4	973	0.73 (0.59–0.92)	0.78	ΝΑ	ΝΑ
exerc	27	7485	0.79 (0.73–0.87)	0.70	ΝΑ	ΝΑ
exerc+qualt+hypot+brisk	1	298	2.08 (1.34–3.25)	0.01	ΝΑ	ΝΑ
exerc+nutr+envir+assist+brisk	1	328	1.84 (1.14–2.97)	0.03	ΝΑ	ΝΑ
Number of fall‐related fractures^a
brisk	2	3046	0.60 (0.39–0.94)	0.72	Low	Moderate ^d
exerc	10	5678	0.62 (0.42–0.90)	0.71	Low	High
Fracture rate^b
exerc	5	2511	0.49 (0.27–0.89)	0.80	NA	ΝΑ
exerc+qualt	2	1975	0.52 (0.28–0.96)	0.70	NA	ΝΑ

Note: Characterization not applicable (NA) because CINeMA cannot address rate outcomes.

Abbreviations: assist, assistive technology; brisk, basic falls risk assessment; envir, environmental assessment and modifications; exerc, exercise; hypot, management of orthostatic hypotension; incont, management of urinary incontinence; med, medication; nutr, fluid or nutrition therapy; psych, psychological interventions; qualt, quality improvement strategies; social, social engagement; surg, surgery; vibr, whole‐body vibration.

^aRisk ratios.

^bRate ratios.

^{^c}

For the domains “within‐study bias” and “reporting bias” there were major concerns for all comparisons. In order to still maintain distinctiveness, the evaluation of the confidence in the results of the NMA was based on the remaining four domains.

^{^d}

Reason for downgrading CINeMA confidence rating: indirectness.

^{^e}

Reason for downgrading CINeMA confidence rating: heterogeneity.